, 44 GENETIC STUDIES ON THE SILKWORM 
so that any apparent combination such as SZ (striped-zebra), PZ (plain-zebra), 
LZ (multilunar-zebra), LQ, (multilunar-quail) etc. is possible. Z and L are 
inherited independently of each other, and of other markings as well. 
The pale-quail (pq) is in general a quail of very dilute tone, but is totally 
destitute of "eye-spots" which are present in the quail. The Q, factor may 
therefore be regarded as the saturator, the presence of which transforms the 
pale-quail into a fully pigmented quail pattern. When P gene is introduced 
into the pale-quail strain, the faintly marked pale-quail type is turned into an 
absolutely markingless or plain form. In case of its co-existence with P, the 
Q, factor develops the "eyebrows" and two pairs of the "similunules" in near- 
ly equal (sometimes slightly reduced) intensity, as where Q, alone is present; 
but all irregular lines and spots characteristic to the quail disappear through 
the presence of P — the resulting form is namely the normal marking. In 
other words, P is partially recessive and partially dominant to Q. 
Similarly S is in general decidedly epi- 
static to M, but in certain parts of the body 
the M character comes to view in SM zygotes 
(Text-figs. 2-4), i. e. S partially dominates 
over the M, but is partially recessive to it. 
These facts evidently show that the re- 
lation of dominance and recessiveness of 
Mendelian factors is by no means so simple 
as is generally assumed. 
Several subclasses which are distinguish- 
ed by difference in the colour intensity of 
the quail (pQ,) and normal (PQ,), must be sup- 
posed to bring forth their differential in- 
tensity owing to the existence of different subtypes of ft gene, the other com- 
ponent (P ) of the normal marking serving simply as a negative or suppressing 
factor. 
p also influences the multilunar pattern. When L is combined with no 
