YOSHIMARO TAN AK A 
2 I I 
VI. MULTIPLE FACTORS °; COMPOUND NATURE 
OF UNIT CHARACTERS. 
i) Multiple Factors Concerning the Normal, Quail and 
Other Markings. 
There is a great variability of pigment intensity in the normal, quail, 
striped and moricaud patterns, and the most abundant data on this point have 
been obtained from the normal type. In this we find almost every gradation 
from the lightest to the darkest, apparently presenting a continuous variation. 
From breeding experiments it has been learned that the characteristics of 
certain subtypes are transmitted to the offspring, while those of others are 
not reproduced in the progeny i. e. they are merely due to fluctuation. It is, 
however, by no means easy sharply to distinguish the subtypes of two cate- 
gories. Provisionally I have divided the normal, according to the heritable 
characteristics, into four subtypes : namely normal I, 2, 3 and 4. 
Normal [. This subtype represents 'die lightest normal, and the range 
of fluctuation is wide; the lightest are almost totally destitute of the "eye- 
spots" and "semilunules" and hardly distinguishable from the pure plain, 
while the darkest are provided with easily perceivable "eye-spots" and "semi- 
lunules". Between these two extremities every grade of marking intensity 
is exhibited (Figs. 44, 49). 
Normal 2. With distinct "eye-spots", whose outlines are however more 
or less indefinite ; anterior "semilunules" always present, posterior ones often 
absent. There is also a certain fluctuation (Figs. 43, 48). 
Normal 3. The most common subtype ; the "eye-spots" distinct and 
conspicuous, the "semilunules" well defined; the body surface looks, as a 
rule, clean owing to dots being scanty (Figs. 42, 47). 
1) It may not be proper, in the strict sense of the term, to regard, the cases described in the 
present chapter as regards patterns and cocoon colours as examples of multiple factors or plural factors 
(Shuix, I9 i 4), because I assume in these cases neither the so-called ''gleichsinnige Faktoren" nor the 
factors which co-operate in furthering the development of a certain charade?-, but I assume the ex- 
istence of different genes respectively for the different subtypes of the marking and colour. Notwith- 
standing, I believe it is convenient to take the term in a broader sense and as including such cases 
as are described in the present paper. 
