2o6 
ON THE STOMACH GLANDS OF THE RAT AND RABBIT 
ones, I shall repeat these. 
A. Macroscopical Features. 
The stomach of the rat is reniform hi outHne and receives the distal end 
of the Oesophagus at the middle point of its concave surface; the half to the 
left of the oesophageal connection is raised and bent against the oesophageal 
tube, while the right half passes over through the pyloric constriction into the 
Duodenum. The left half is thick-walled and shows in fresh specimens 
dully white colour, resembling in these respects the Oesophagus; the right 
half has, on the other hand, comparatively thin walls which arc, like the 
Duodenum, of pink colour. 
On the inner surface of the stomach likewise two portions are to be dis- 
tinguished ; the thick-walled portion which will be called the cardiac sac 
simply because it represents the cardiac portion in other mammals, and the 
thin-walled portion comprising these parts which represent respectively the 
Fundus and the pylorus. This latter portion will be called the Ventriculum. 
The surface of the cardiac sac is very harsh and leather-like, owing chiefly 
to the presence of a complicated system of wrinkles, causing the walls to be 
thickened. The wrinkles which, though variable, occur mostly from seven 
to eight in number are undulated in their course ; nevertheless, each two, or 
sometimes three of them run in parallel. The wrinkles in the proximal part 
pass over into the corresponding structure of the Oesophagus. 
The wrinkles take in the Oesophagus not an undulated course as in the 
cardiac sac, but are represented by a number of longitudinal ridges which 
are nearly uniform in thickness and cause the oesophageal walls to be thic- 
kened. Whilst none of these longitudinal ridges are uninterruptedly continu- 
ous with the cardiac wrinkles, others disappear at the neck by which the 
Oesophagus is connected with the stomach. 
Killing the animal immediately after feeding and cutting its gastric 
pouch open ; we find the cardiac sac filled up with the food roughly masti- 
cated, while the Ventriculum remains empty. The cardiac sac is therefore 
