VHP tROPiCAL AGR10ULTUR18T. 
[August i, 1890; 
?aise from them a great variety of improved canes. H 
showed by cross-fertilisation and artificial selfction of 
the best seeds a richer BUEar-yielding onne mi ht he pro- 
duced for growth in tropical plantations. — Australasian, 
« 
COFFEE AND COCOA TKADES SECTION:— 
LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 
The annua' meeting of the members of the Coffee 
and Cocoa Trades Section of the London Chamber of 
Commerce was held on Mondav afternoon at the oflBces, 
Botolph House, Eastcheap, E.C., Mr- Robert Wales 
presiding. 
The C offee Committee was re-elected, with Mr. Game 
in place of Mr. Lamer, deceased, and Mr. H. Flower 
(of Messrs, L. Cook & Co.) in place of Mr. Major, also 
deceased. The Cocoa C 'mmittee remained as before, 
and the president and vice-president of the Section 
were also re-elected. 
Mr. RcrcKEB then brought forward the question of 
the Hal^ibty of fire insurance offices to the merchant 
and thenoetnthe broker, who may have advanced mnney 
on the gale previous to prompt, and it was decided to 
fully di-cuss the matter at a future meeting, notice of 
which should be given. 
It was further decided to accept the offer made on 
the part of Mr Pa-teur of a paper on the interesting 
subject of “Coffee Cultivation in Bechnanaland and 
Natal.” It was stated that the paper would be read 
about 'he middle of June, on a date to be selected by 
Mr. Pa'^'enr himself. 
This onn'lu ling tl e business, a vote of t^ha' Vs to the 
Chairt! an was carried, on the motion of Mr. W. W. 
Assee, seconded by Mr. E. A. Rvcker.— Grocer, 
May 8ith. 
HOW PERFUMES ARE MADE. 
Those dainty, delicate perfumes which the super- 
fine and the vulgar alike enjoy are obtained in a 
very prosaic way. They are produced in a land 
where the flowers are perennial, but the processes 
of manufacture include not only distillation and 
fermentation, hut even boiling in fat. Consul Harris, 
writing from Nice, where the manufacture is carried 
on extensively, describes the processes. lu distilla- 
tion the flowers are boiled in an hermetically-sealed 
copper vessel. The steam as it condenses in its 
passage through a spiral coil exudes the volatile 
essence drop by drop, and it is collected in a small 
glass vessel. The water in the copper retains a 
small portion of the scent and becomes the rose 
water or orange flower water of trade. All flowers 
are not susceptible of this treatment, and those that 
are produce but a minute quantity, the orange 
flower, for instance, giving but one gramme of 
essence for one kilo, of flowers, or but one-thousandth 
part. The following table will show the propor- 
tionate yield of the different flowers : — 
Keroli l.oos kilos, of flowers 1 kilo, of essence 
E.OS0 25,000 do 1 do 
Geranium 1,000 do 1 do 
Mint 1,000 do 0.750 do 
Orange leaf (bitter) 1,000 do 1 do 
Lavender 100 do 0.500 do 
Eucalyptus 100 do 0.600 do 
The volatile essences thus obtained, combined and 
mixed together with a certain quanlity of alcohol, 
are used in the preparation and as the basis of 
ean de Cologne, toilet vinegar, lavender water, &o. 
The perfume, from flowers which do not contain 
the volatile essence is extracted by two processes. 
In ihe llrst or cold process, cassie. jessamine, 
joriijiiile, tuberoses, violets, and some other flowers, 
fro'lily gathered, arc placed upon a layer of pure 
lard, a quarter of an inch in thickness, spread 
01 ei- glass trays. Tbo flowers are changed every 
welve, eighteen, or twenty-four hours, according to 
’ Absurd : tin- ..urn may ho multiplied by 4. — Bn. 
T. //. 
cireumstanoes, until the lard is sufficiently charged 
with perfume. Jessamine and tuberose are changed 
as often as fifty times, and the other flowers from 
twenty to thirty times. When the hot process is 
resorted to grease is placed in a copper vessel, 
together with the flowers, and the compound is 
boiled. Additional flowers are added from time to 
time until the fat has absorbed the requisite amount 
of perfume. By another process the perfumes are 
extracted from the fats, and, by blending these with 
the different essences, the numerous scents are 
obtained. Certain perfumes which are of great use 
in the manufacture of soents can only be obtained 
by the fermentation of fruits, flowers, and roots.— 
P. M. Budget, 
A RAILWAY FOE EAST APEICA. 
Lieutenant Weiss, who, together with the late 
Dr, Ju h ke, explored the country from Pangani to 
Mount Kilim-injaro in 1686, discusses in the German 
Colonial Gazette a scheme for laying a railway in 
East Africa from the coast to the neighbourhood of 
that mountain. He points out that Usambara is 
Very fertile and healthy, so that the construction of a 
railway there would be a splendid faotor in the deve- 
lopment of German East Africa. The line a s pro- 
posed wou^d start from the German station of Tanga, 
and touch at the following stations : — Amboni, a 
plantation of the German Planters' Company; Umba, 
an English mission station on the Dbumbine, a 
tributary of the Mkulmusi, which flows into Tanga 
Bay; and Mtangate, 4^ miles from the great English 
mission station of Magila. The line will then pass 
to the south of Lewa, the great tobacco plantation 
of the East African Planters Company, and will 
strike the Valley of the River Pangani, where it is 
476 feet above the sea level. Korogwa (951 feet), a 
deserted station of the • ast A frican Company, and 
Masinde (1,679 feet), the residence of Limbodja, 
the chief of Usambara, will be touched, and the 
line will then be continued to the west along the 
Pare and Ugueno Mountains to Aruscha (2,421 
feet), at the foot of Kilimanjaro. The total length 
of the line from Tanga to Aruscha is given as 223 
miles. Lieutenant Weiss estimates the cost of 
building such a railway at 600.000Z.,* and the yearly 
working expenses at about 56,000f. He asserts that 
the country at the foot of Kilimanjaro is so salu- 
brious, in consequence of its altitude, that German 
peasants could settle there. He recommends also 
that a sanatorium should be built there for those 
Germans stationed on the coast who may suffer from 
fever. — 0. Mail, May 30th. 
— ♦ 
THE BURMA RUBY MINE,S. 
The following memorandum, drawn up by Sir 
Lepel Griffin, the Chairman of the Ruby Mines 
Company, on his return from visiting the mines, 
has been issued} — 
At the request of the Board of Directors of the 
Burma Ruby mines, and some of the largest share- 
holders, 1 visited the mines at Mogok in March last 
in order to ascertain what were the prospects of the 
nudertaking, the difficulties to be overcome, and to 
settle any important questions which might be 
under discussion between the Company and the 
Local Government. 
I have returned within the last few days, and 
having spent a sufficient time at the head-quarters of 
the Company — Kyatpyin and Mog"k — to make myself 
thoroughly acquainted with the state of affairs, pend- 
iiig the calling of a general meeting, the board consider 
that it is desirable to circulate a brief memorandum 
to inform shareholders of the existing position, and 
what and how near are the prospects of success. I 
may say at once that I have returned with a firm 
