April i, iSgi.] 
THP TR01»!CAL AGRICULTURIST. 
75§ 
OocoA-— That veteran planter Mr. Alfred JPa-fne, of 
the Kururegale dlstriot, most be congratulated on 
the fine price he has recently obtained for his cocoa 
from Isabel estate. It has been gold looslly at R68 
per cwt., which I believe, is the highest price ever 
obtained in Colombo for this product, 
OoooA Cultivation. — We learn from a planter 
whose crop last year was not far off an average 
of 6 cwt. per acre, that no product responds si well 
to bulky manure as cacao. Wherever cattle manure 
or town refuse and sewage can be readilv obtained 
for a cacao field the return is sure to be satisfactory. 
Cinchona. — “Crab-Apple” writes i — A friend of 
mine who owns a large cinchona estate in Wvnaad, 
last July and August shaved 100 acres of L-’dger. 
Renewal at once set in, so fine and strong, that 
in the early part of February last he decided 
to coppice the same 100 acres. This work is now 
almost finished, and up to date most satisfcotorv 
results have been obtained. Over fifteen analyses 
have been taken off different portions of the estate, 
and in many oases the renewed has analysed more 
than the orienal bark, though in most cases about 
the same. As regards quantity of bark, the renewed 
is as thick, if not thicker than the original; The 
consignments of bark that have reached the London 
market have fetched good prices. As will be seen 
from the above, the experiment has proved satis- 
factory in every wav. I believe this to be the first 
acreage of any scale that has been shaved, and I 
think clearly proves that shaving Ledger pays. — 
Madras Times. 
Indian Agriculture : Effects of Hemp as 
Green Manure. — Some very valuable experiments 
have been made at the Oawnpore Experimental 
Station, of which Dr. Voeloker has spoken with 
approval. From the latest report we quote as 
follows ; — 
lb. 
Page 11, average for six years, 9.50 
12, 
ditto 
... 1,133 
13, 
ditto 
... 9.56 
13, 
ditto 
... 940 
14, 
ditto 
659 (averageof 2 plot*). 
14, 
ditto 
... 596 (ditto 6 do.) 
14, 
ditto 
... 614 
16, 
ditto 
686 (ditto 4 do.) 
The yield of unmanured land in a series of years 
is one of the most interesting points on whi. h in- 
fornaation is being collected. There are a good many 
such plots on the farm. I give in the margin the 
average outturn of wheat per acre of all plots which 
have been without manure and under wheat for the 
past six years. In some of these plots the yield is 
possibly still affected bv manure applied before the 
land was placed under the present series of experi- 
ments, and may be expected to decrease in future 
years. Taking a bushel of wheat at 61 lb., the gi neral 
yield of unmanured land of the kind found on the 
Oawnpore Farm — a loam of average fertility cropped 
year (after year and carefully watered and tilled — 
may be put at 10 to 1,3 bushels an acre The 
American average for all the States of the Union 
is about 12 bushels. The English averaire is 
30 bushels. The Oawnpore experiments conclnsively 
show that 5 to 10 bushels can be easily added ti the 
average yield by the application of R5 worth of farm- 
yard manure or even by green-soiling with hemp 
at the cost of R3-8-0 per acre. This is putting the 
incresBO at a minimum. The six years’ average yield 
of the plot maiiered wilh farmyard maenre o ily in 
the “ llabi dupl e I • series " is 27 bushels, and of the 
plot manured with jmuirtile 28 bushels. Thus we 
get the Amor'can average on our unmannred land and 
approximate to the Eaglish average on our manured. 
I am afraid that Ihn Amerioau average is not un- 
frequent in many districts of these Ptovincee, OBpeciqlly 
in those where canals enable the cultivator to subject 
the soil to a systematic process of exhaustion. As 
regards the comparative value of manures, the ex- 
perience of the nawnpore Farm is not favourable to 
artificial or extraordinary fertilizers. Bones, bone- 
superphosphate, gypsum, kninit, &c,, are considerably 
more costly in this country than the common kinds of 
manure and so far as th-y have been tried they have not 
given commensurate results Green-soilirg with indigo 
or hemp might, however, be more commonly adopted 
hv the Indian agriculturist than at present. The cost 
of sowing hemp and ploughing it in when green is 
put at R3-8-0 an acre. But this is chiefly made up of 
hire of labour and bullocks, and the cultivator can 
find both without actual expenditure of money. In 
districts where indigo is not a staple crop, the fields 
destined for wheat (unmixed) are almost invariably 
left fallow in the preceding kharif. To sow these with 
hemp instead of fallowing them would, according to 
the Oawnpore Farm Experiments, make the wheat 
crop heavier. Most of the produce of the farm is sold 
to the public for seed, the seed-grain being carefully 
cleaned and selected. Dr. Voeloker was of opinion 
that this branch should be developed, and some of the 
minor experiments abandoned. I am considering how 
effect can best be given to this suggestion. The demand 
for good wheat, cotton, barley, and maize seed is in- 
creasing. and in endeavouring to meet it the farm can 
be of practical utility. 
CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1891. 
O 
QD 
ct 
1891 
cwt. 
31142 
8248 
1009 
"10 
47146 
87555 
79126 
95635 
1 41213 
Coconut Oil., 
1890 
ewff. 
■^0 0 ir- -Xi rH 
Os 0 i-H 'r- 0 
: : :co :cd : : : : : :coo o : ; 
fO CVI 
rp -M -Jt 00 
r- t- 
OS 00 CO 
cc th tp 
; 1891 , 
cwt. 
Tit fOrHCqiM 
CD o*owo 
: :(M :<j5 jcdco ? • : : • 
Tfi:. . *co oi* 
Cinnamon. | 
a 
O 
5421 
8400 
2250 
... 
25200 
2240 
43511 
6110S 
114493 
230204 
Bales 
lb. 1 
188901 
35100 
36000 
33700 
72975 
5000 
14528 
^ 1000 
12000 
tH r— fjs 
0 -« CD Ttt 
CM t- 0 CO 
Os lO CO 05 
05 CVI lO CO 
CO :o CO 
a 
o 
a 
b 
30890 
41057 
40 
b- -D 0 -H 
00 t-- CO PI 
OS (O Dl rH 
rH ’P rH 
tT’ 0 05 05 
Cocoa . 1 
0 05 t— f* 
05 CO t- OS 
::::: :.;:t:::c5:: 
8597 
6113 
6680 
6272 
1891 1 
lb. 
11922084^ 
89911 
3300 
100 
'210 
1789 
5193 
15570 
20891 
518393 
j 30923 
12527444 
8002432, 
6161935 
3642952' 
Cinchona. I 
1891 B’nch 
ftTrunklb. 
1135321 
" 26662 : 
”21438 
141545| 
CO TH to fM 
"P 05 — < -P 
05 CO b- CO 
-Jf -t< 00 CO 
(M b- 05 03 
CO CO fH OJ 
rr rH 03 (55 
■r'ico3 05 
tc 05 05 OC 
»0 c- — cr 
r-- rH to VO 
ca .-vj lO 
t-3 
& 
g 
s 
o 
'J 
Total. 
0 CO CO rH 0 i-l C^l 05 
■^CO 0 T- < 
lit) IS ^ b— II! 
to . . ,H . . • - i-l .-1 , . . 
rH 
•S } • ioosocm 
2s 
Plan- 
tation 
0 OO 1 -H 
H 0 <-H (N f-s X 05 
j: xco:;: 
tD . . . . W . . . . rH . . . 
*0 O’. 05 
-S< — ' 30 
0 CD -H lO 
0 0 -H* -H 
C3 '-r 03 lO 
CO UNTRIES . 
To United Kingdom 
,, Marseilles 
,, Barcelona 
„ Genoa 
,, Venice 
„ Trieste 
„ Odessa 
,, Hamburg 
,, Antwerp 
„ Bremen 
„ Havre ... 
„ Rotterdam & Amsterdam 
,, Africa 
,, Mauritius and Eastward 
„ India 
„ Austriil.a& Now Zealand 
„ America 
„ Stockholm ... 
„ C.mstantinople 
Total Exports irom let Jan. 
to 23rd March 1891 
Do 1890 
Do 1889 
Do 1838 
