1921-22.] Obituary Notices. 367 
His first voyage to the Antarctic, on the Balcena in 1892 and 1893, 
brought news of an undreamed-of abundance of finner whales in high 
southern latitudes ; and although, with a misfortune that seemed to 
dog his steps, his attempt to start a commercial venture failed, others 
have since reaped where he had sown. His subsequent voyages added 
materially to our knowledge of the mammal life of Spitsbergen, and 
of both northern and southern Polar seas. 
Ornithology owes much to his keen observation. At Spitsbergen in 
1906 he discovered for the first time the chicks of the Sanderling, as 
well as the first European breeding station of this wader. But already 
he had added several birds to the island faunas of Northern Europe 
In 1896-7 he found in Franz-Josef Land the Lapp Bunting, the Shore 
Lark, the Turnstone, and the Purple and Bonaparte’s Sandpipers, all 
previously unrecorded, and in 1898 added the Grey Phalerope to the 
fauna of Novaya Zemlya. As was to be expected, even greater gains 
resulted from so well conceived and executed an expedition as that of the 
Scotia. Not only were many new facts regarding the distribution of 
sea-birds discovered (for example, the range of several species was 
extended to within the Antarctic circle), but much information regarding 
the life-histories and habits of southern birds was accumulated, including 
the discovery of the eggs of the Cape Petrel, of the eggs and young of 
the Snowy Petrel, and of the eggs and two stages of down plumage in the 
chicks of the Ringed Penguin. The bird-life of the South Orkneys was 
all but unknown until the visit of the Scotia] the known avifauna of 
Gough Island was doubled; and the series of bird skins is one of the 
most important ever made in the regions of the far South. 
Perhaps even more important, from the freshness of the knowledge 
they added to zoology, were the collections of fishes made by Hr Bruce. 
The Scotia collections alone contained seven new genera and more than 
two dozen new species, with many interesting representatives of the dis- 
tinctively Antarctic Notothenidse, and several abyssal forms from depths 
of tvvo miles and over. 
The sea and life in the seas ever stood in the forefront of Bruce’s 
plans ; and in spite of the difficulties of marine collecting, owing to the 
need of complicated apparatus, of more discrimination in selecting from 
captures, and of greater expenditure of time and labour, his series of 
marine invertebrates form the most important of all his contributions 
to the raw material of zoology. His earliest Arctic voyages extended 
many a known range of distribution, and added some seven new species 
of Entomostracan crustaceans to the fauna of the Arctic seas ; and of his 
