30 ON fries’ nomenclature of colours. 
Infanta of Spain, daughter of Philip II., made a vow in 1601 that 
she would not change her linen until her husband had taken 
Ostend ; as that city did not fall till three years after, she must 
have saved her washing-bill at the price of some discomfort. 
Fawn-colour does not fall very conspicuously into any of my 
three divisions of browns, but most of us know the hue so denoted ; 
cervicolor , cervinus , and hinnuleus all seem to mean much the same. 
Cervinus is applied to the darkest shade, and Fries explains 
hinnuleus as a tawny-cinnamon (p. 380). 
The brownish ochrey yellow colour known to artists as “ gall- 
stone,” only with an inclination to a dirty green, is denoted by 
ictericus or icterinus. 
The brightest of the red- browns is lateritius, the colour of old 
red tiles ; its paler shade, that of Ag. (Hypholoma) sublateritius 
is familiar to us all. Testaceus, brick-coloured, is a reddish brown 
or rusty bay, almost Venetian red. Fulvus is tawny, the colour 
of a lion, and is also known as leoninus or leochromus ; fulvellus 
seems to be paler and redder, and very like that which gives its 
name to Ag. ( Collyhia ) nitellinus, dormouse-colour. Helvus is a 
light bay or “ cow-colour,” like vaccinus. Badius is a reddish- 
brown, the colour of a “ bay ” horse ; spadiceus, date-brown, is a 
duller and darker shade. Hepaticus , liver-coloured, is a darker 
and redder brown than bay. Ustalis denotes a warm reddish bay, 
between red-ochre and brown-madder. 
Of the true browns, the type is brunneus , Vandyke-brown. 
Coffeatus , like roasted coffee, is very similar. Ligneo-brunneus is a 
lighter or wood-brown. The apparently extinct Ag. ( Lepiota ) 
Paulletii is described by Fries as colore i( de noisette,” which 
must mean a light nut-brown or hazel. Umbrinus is a dark 
brown, bi own umber, the colour of a “ brown ” horse ; indeed, the 
scale of colours used in describing horses, from dun through 
chestnut, bay, and brown to black, shows how, in ordinary 
language, the name of a colour is always taken as of a very 
extensive connotation, because it is hard to decide where one 
colour ends and another begins. 
We now come to the reds and their varieties. The palest is 
carneus , with carneolus and incarnatus , flesh-coloured. Hysglnus 
is a more distinctly red flesh-colour. Roseus and rosaceus imply a 
rosy pink ; rosellus seems to mean inclined to pink. There must 
be some difference between the shades of scarlet or vermilion 
distinguished as cinnabarinus and miniatus , because each is com- 
pounded with the other as cinnabar ino -miniatus, but I have not 
succeeded in finding out what the difference is. Coccineus , 
cochineal red, is a deeper scarlet, carmine. Sanguineus , blood- 
red, is nearly similar. Rufus , ruber, and missus are less pure reds. 
Rubescens is merely becoming red. Rubellus , rufidulus, and rufulus 
are reddish. Rubens is a brick-red ; rutilus, rutilans a purplish 
brick-red. Vinaceus is reddish rather than claret-coloured, but it 
does not seem to be ever used in descriptions. Less pure reds 
