44 PR. NYLANDER ON GONIDIA AND THEIR DIFFERENT FORMS. 
very narrow prison, and entirely deprived of a normal manner of 
living. The kind of life, however, is in nature nowhere seen 
changed, unless through the intervention of a very great meta- 
morphosis. 
Certain other points may here be added against that hypothesis 
which none, indeed, but tyros can patronise, for experience 
speedily teaches that nothing of the kind can be rightly observed 
in nature. 
1st. No FUNGUS is present in the formation of Lichens. This is 
demonstrated even from their very first beginnings, for the spores 
and the primary filaments of germination at once show themselves 
to be of a lichenose nature (elastic, licheninose* enduring [and not 
putrescent in maceration, all of which characters are peculiar to 
lichenohyph^], entirely different from the spores and germens of 
Fungi (which have perishable hyphie, very ^readily plicated, thin 
walls, dissolved by 7v, &c.). In the Lichen there is no Fungus. 
2nd. No more is there any Algal present or intervening in the 
same formation. The gonidia of Lichens do not occur in thalli, 
and at the same time in nature living freely gonidia are never 
seen around the thalli and at the same time within the thalli, 
although we have made observations on young thalli everywhere 
growing (even their most tender beginnings). On the contrary, 
where Lichens most flourish and abound, there ‘‘Algae” (Proto- 
cocci, &c.) are entirely wanting. In the Lichen there is no 
Algal. 
3rd. Gonidia are observed to be produced in the cellules of the 
thallus in the young growing;|; as well as in the adult Lichen ; nor 
do these require a foreign origin for their gonidia. Why should 
they be added otherwise, and from what other source should they 
Peltidea aphthosa), since in a few the cortical stratum is pellucid (Cfr., 
otherwise Nyl., in Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or., pp. 17, 18). The examples [of 
dwellers in darkness] which the same w'riter cites “ gigantic alg.e,” living 
in the depths of the sea, and also Sarcinae occurring in the intestines and 
other organs of distempered men and animals, are of no weight at all in 
science ; for they are true sophisms and nothing else. If this had any 
logical application at all, it w^ould be necessary that Laminarice, Sarcinoe, 
&c., should enter into the thalli of Lichens. But in the present day what is 
not written and what is not believed ! [Dr. Fries ought to have shown 
in defence of his thesis that “ Algas-lichen parasites,” or regarded as such, 
themselves, indeed, live freely in alternating light and in perpetual dark- 
ness.] 
* [That is, penetrated by lichenine, which lichenine consists of a gela- 
tinose substance, which, w'hen stirred in water, is dissolved and lost.] 
t Some Protococci are subsimilar, but do not entirely agree with the 
very type of gonidia, and there is no identity whatever. 
X In Tub Mem. Lich. t. 3, f. 3, are sutSciently well figured the beginnings 
of the thallus, with the first cortical cellules producing gonidia. But the 
author says, erroneously, p. 20, “ These cellules (gonidia) are produced 
directly from the filaments of the medulla,” for the filaments themselves 
nowhere give origin to the gonidia, but these originate in the parenchyma- 
tose cortical cellules, which are observed growing upon the prothalline 
filaments of germination. 
