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Cruising expeditions also to: □ Amazon 
□ Antarctica □ New Guinea □ Indonesia 
D Seychelles D Red Sea O Iceland / Greenland 
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124 L Columbia Court Chaska, MN 55318 
the national park we found the re- 
mains of three deer killed by wolves. 
One was a weak female that had been 
killed soon after being released, and 
the other two were young males that 
had been cornered by the wolves in 
impassable woodland. But the growth 
of the population shows that the 
wolves exercise little regulatory influ- 
ence. The deer are presumably too 
big, in general, to be brought down 
by a single wolf or even a small pack. 
It would be interesting to investigate 
possible changes in the social orga- 
nization of the wolf resulting from ad- 
aptation to the new kind of prey. 
There is no doubt that unless fun- 
damental changes are made soon the 
days of the wolf are numbered in the 
Abruzzi, as elsewhere in Italy. In the 
course of our fieldwork the necessary 
changes became very clear to js. All 
hunting of wolves would have to cease, 
as would the use of poison to combat 
foxes or other wild animals. Moreover, 
no more refuge areas vital to the wolf 
could be destroyed by the building 
of roads and ski lifts. Thus our primary 
concern was to secure action at the 
legislative level, although it was clear 
to us that the best laws would be of 
no avail unless the wolf was accepted 
by the local population. Hence we had 
to investigate the attitude of people 
in the locality and discover the con- 
ditions under which they would be 
willing to accept the wolf. 
We made our first efforts in this 
direction when we began work in the 
area in March of 1973. Our methods 
of interrogation would not have been 
regarded as scientifically acceptable 
in sociological circles, but we asked 
a number of people whether they 
thought wolves were dangerous to hu- 
man beings. Our “impressions” (I use 
the term to avoid saying “findings”) 
were interesting. The farther we were 
from the areas in which wolves lived, 
the more dangerous they were be- 
lieved to be. In areas inhabited by 
wolves the people least impressed by 
the animals’ alleged dangerousness 
were those who had direct contact with 
them. All the shepherds we asked 
agreed that the wolf was not a threat 
to human beings. The occupational 
group that regarded the wolf as es- 
pecially dangerous was, interestingly 
enough, innkeepers. 
Our impressions were confirmed 
two years later by a proper scientific 
inquiry we conducted in cooperation 
with the Sociological Institute of the 
University of Rome. The questioning 
Joseph L. Sax 
Mountains 
Without 
Handrails 
Reflections on the National Parks 
Sax proposes a novel scheme for the 
protection and management of America’s 
national parks, giving perspective to the 
longstanding and hitter battles over use of 
our national parklands: hikers vs. cyclists; 
ski resort developers vs. wilderness 
advocates; “industrial tourism" vs. 
recreational “elitism.” 
$10.00 / paper $5.95 
The University of Michigan Press 
Dept.OM P.O.Box 1104 
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 
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