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I © Pennsylvania Station, 1980 
The Evolution of Culture 
in Animals 
John Tyler Bonner 
This provocative, 
fascinating, and delightfully 
illustrated book traces the 
origins of culture as we know 
it back to the early biological 
evolution of animals. 
". . . Both lucid and charming. . . . 
John Tyler Bonner is a biologist 
._ who not only knows a great deal 
& ^ about plants and animals but has thought long 
and carefully about the problems of evolution. . . .The pleasure 
of.the book is in the wealth of examples of communication 
and teaching, many effectively illustrated with drawings or 
photographs.” — j.Z. Young, London Review of Books. 
52 illus. 9'/ x6y 8 ". $14.50 
Princeton University Press 
Princeton, New Jersey 08540 
and entertains. This, I think, is enough. 
Smith is visited in August by a For- 
est Service administrator well versed 
in land-use planning — a man who is 
familiar with the uses and abuses of 
national forests and who values the 
social, as well as the material, re- 
sources of the forests. 
“Social resources,” he tells Smith, 
“are resources found in the mind of 
man.” A generation ago, the economic 
zoning of our national forests was ar- 
ranged mainly for the benefit of lum- 
bermen, livestock permitees, and mine 
owners. Today, however, administra- 
tors must accommodate users who are 
interested in recreation, in opportu- 
nities for the study of human history 
and prehistory, in opportunities for 
natural history research, and in the 
enjoyment of pure “wilderness” (a 
word that, in this context, seems to 
be synonymous with existence value 
or intrinsic worth). 
Smith believes “we are fortunate 
to have groups such as the Sierra Club, 
Wilderness Society, and Rocky Moun- 
tain Center on Environment that are 
fighting to preserve wild areas.” 
Strangely, though, he does not belong 
to either the Sierra Club or Friends 
of the Earth. The scientists who supply 
information to these groups are not, 
he feels, objective. “It has always 
seemed obvious to me that there is 
no such thing as a truly unbiased sci- 
entist, any more than any other kind 
of human — and membership in a 
strong ‘advocate’ group indicates a 
strong possibility of bias to me!” 
I can’t agree. In the real world a 
person is unlikely to find any activist 
group or political party or religious 
sect the credo and methods of which 
he or she can accept unreservedly. 
Better it is, I think, to join the 
group — then try gently to bring about 
the changes within and outside the 
group one feels are necessary. 
Above Timberline can be read as 
refreshment by anyone. It can be read 
as education by those who are involved 
in conserving the green forests and 
rangelands of the American West. 
And it can be read as political history 
by those who study the human ex- 
ploitation of the natural Earth that 
allows us life. 
Since his retirement from the Fish 
and Wildlife Service, biologist Victor 
B. Scheffer has written six books 
dealing with wild animals. In 1970, 
The Year of the Whale was awarded 
the John Burroughs Medal. 
96 
