Thousands sold $ 
at $15. and over on |y 
OLD VILLAGE SHOP 
NO-NONSENSE 
GUARANTEE 
You must be delighted with 
your double-duty Logtram 
log carrier. You must agree 
it is a thoughtfully engi- 
neered, quality-constructed 
piece of equipment ... or 
return it for a prompt full 
refund of purchase price- 
no questions asked! We 
guarantee it ... in writing!! 
Old Village Shop, 
Hanover, PA 17331 
SATISFACTION GUARANTEED 1 ORDER TODAY' 
I OLD VILLAGE SHOP. Dept. VZ-7288 
j 340 Poplar St., Hanover, PA 17331 
I Please rush Logtram Log Carrier(s) (Z477968) at the low.direct- 
I to-you price of only $9.88 each plus S3. 00 heavyweight shipping and 
! handling on Full MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 
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— — © Old Villo 8 « Shop 1979 — — — — 
LETLOGTRAM 
LUG YOUR LOGS! 
Enjoy Your Fireplace To The Fullest With 
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Bravo! Another dirty, uncom- 
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This handy Logtram log 
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on the floor. Big, thoughtfully 
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messing your floor 
Oversized wheels 
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Logtram (Z477968) 
SALE Only $9.88 
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for quick delivery! 
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be juxtaposed without physical con- 
nection. I argued previously that this 
cannot be accomplished in creatures 
familiar to us because connection be- 
tween parts is an integral property 
of living systems. Substances and im- 
pulses must be able to move from 
one segment to another. Yet, in the 
smallest organisms — and in them 
alone — substances can move between 
two unconnected parts by diffusing 
through membranes of the outer sur- 
faces. Thus, single cells, including all 
of ours of course, contain organelles 
lying within the cytoplasm and com- 
municating with other parts of the 
cell, not by physical connection, but 
by passage of molecules through 
bounding membranes. Such structures 
could, in principle, be designed to ro- 
tate like wheels. 
The principle that restricts such 
communication without physical con- 
nection to the smallest organisms (or 
to similarly sized parts of larger or- 
ganisms) embodies a theme that has 
circulated extensively throughout 
these columns: the correlation of size 
and shape through the changing re- 
lationship of surfaces and volumes. 
With surfaces (length 2 ) increasing so 
much more slowly than volumes 
(length 3 ) as an object grows, any proc- 
ess regulated by surfaces but essen- 
tial to volumes must become less ef- 
ficient unless the enlarging object 
changes its shape to produce more 
surface. The external boundary is sur- 
face enough for communication be- 
tween the organelles of a single cell 
with their minuscule volumes. But the 
surface of a wheel as large as a human 
foot could not provision the wheelful 
of organic matter within. Large or- 
ganisms must evolve channels — physi- 
cal connections — to convey the nutri- 
ents and oxygen that can no longer 
diffuse through external surfaces. 
Wheels work well, but animals are 
debarred from building them by struc- 
tural constraints inherited as an evo- 
lutionary legacy. Adaptation does not 
follow the blueprints of a perfect en- 
gineer. It must work with parts avail- 
able. Yet when I survey animals in 
all their stunning, if wheelless, variety, 
I can only marvel at the diversity and 
good design that a few basic and 
highly constrained organic patterns 
have produced. Forced to make do, 
we do rather well. 
Stephen Jay Gould teaches biology, 
geology, and the history of science 
at Harvard University. 
48 
