Books in Review 
thropus types were females and the 
big ones were males. 
This last-ditch effort to save the 
single-species theory foundered in the 
early 1970s when Louis Leakey’s son 
Richard began uncovering dozens of 
beautiful early hominid fossils from 
the Koobi Fora area in Kenya. These 
finds included great flat-headed Pa- 
ranthropus forms like the ones from 
Olduvai, all chewing muscles and no 
forehead, as well as unmistakable 
Homo with a delicate brow ridge and 
a relatively roomy, high-vaulted brain- 
case. Richard Leakey’s prize Homo 
specimen, number 1470, was an 
astonishingly modern-looking skull 
dated by the potassium-argon method 
to almost three million years ago — 
about a million years older than the 
oldest fossils at Olduvai. The single- 
species theory kicked feebly and ex- 
pired. With 1470 in the picture, all 
the competing theories seemed too 
simple-minded. It began to look as 
if the hominid family tree had re- 
sembled a dense bush, with many little 
local species pursuing their own spe- 
cialized evolutionary careers. A the- 
oretical vacuum appeared at the heart 
of human evolutionary studies and 
grew throughout the 1970s. 
At first, Johanson’s finds in the 
Awash River valley spawned even 
more confusion. His site of Hadar 
seemed to be about the same age as 
Koobi Fora; the earliest datable de- 
posits at Koobi Fora were some 2.6 
million years old, those at Hadar only 
about 400,000 years older. The two 
sites were no more than 500 miles 
apart. But Hadar’s hominids looked 
nothing like Koobi Fora’s. They in- 
cluded little things like Lucy — a 
dwarfish, half-simian biped about 
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