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pithecus just went on getting bigger, 
more herbivorous, and (judging from 
its relative abundance at Koobi Fora) 
more successful, until it perished of 
unknown causes about one million 
years ago. Bipedality persisted in the 
Australopithecus lineage for more 
than two million years without any 
association with big brains or stone 
tools. So what is bipedality good for, 
if not freeing the killer ape’s hands 
for holding weapons? Johanson’s ten- 
tative answer, taken from his friend 
and collaborator Owen Lovejoy: sex. 
Making babies. 
Lovejoy’s reasoning, which Johan- 
son and Edey set forth in forty pages 
of quasi-Platonic dialogue, runs 
roughly as follows. Twelve million 
years ago, apes were common and 
monkeys were rare. Today, things are 
the other way around. What hap- 
pened, in Lovejoy’s view, is that the 
apes found themselves trapped in a 
pattern of natural selection that fa- 
vored a progressive increase in brain 
size, requiring ever longer infancies 
and greater intervals between one 
birth and the next. In the time it takes 
a female chimpanzee to reach puberty 
and have her first baby, a female ba- 
boon has already raised four. Faced 
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with this sort of competition, the apes 
are doomed. The hominids represent 
the only group of apes that has come 
up with a solution to this problem, 
namely, the two-parent family unit, 
in which Mom sits home lactating and 
gestating while Dad goes out to bring 
home the carrion. Bipedalism frees the 
hands, not so much for tool use as 
for hauling around helpless offspring 
and for carrying food. Hence our up- 
right posture, our closely spaced 
births, capacity for romantic love, un- 
flagging interest in year-round sex, 
and lemminglike overpopulation of the 
world. This view of a male-provisioned 
nuclear family as the cornerstone of 
human existence is sure to provoke 
a hot controversy, in which I am re- 
luctant to participate beyond pointing 
out that birth spacing in South African 
hunting peoples and Tanzanian chim- 
panzees is about the same. 
Johanson and Edey have written an 
uncommon sort of book to explain 
Johanson’s finds and what they mean. 
Edey, an assistant editor at Time-Life 
Books, seems to have done most of 
the writing. Despite this, the book is 
written in an “I, Don Johanson” for- 
mat, like an as-told-to biography of 
a film star. This artifice made me 
grate my teeth for about the first ten 
pages; then I got interested and forgot 
about it. The book is partly a pro- 
fessional memoir, partly a compressed 
history of paleoanthropology, and 
partly a popular treatment of current 
knowledge and guesses about human 
evolution. These three strands of the 
book loop in and out of each other 
in a fluid and ingratiating way that 
is obviously the work of a professional 
writer who knows his stuff. The sci- 
entific exposition is fascinating, thor- 
ough-going, and easy to follow; even 
complete novices will find themselves 
picking up a surprisingly detailed un- 
derstanding of everything from potas- 
sium-argon dating to the importance 
of the ectostylid in identifying fossil 
horse teeth. The authors have seized 
on the increasingly popular gimmick 
of using dialogue to put across tech- 
nical points in colloquial language. 
This works well as long as the reader 
doesn’t start wondering how on earth 
Johanson got a verbatim transcript of 
a chat Clark Howell had with Louis 
Leakey in 1965. The passages recall- 
ing the history of paleoanthropology 
are a delight to read. Even jaded pro- 
fessionals will enjoy Basil Cooke’s ex- 
planation of what “MCP” stands for, 
or Robert Broom’s remark that a col- 
94 
