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cal, but fortunately I did not go on 
record with it. Further evidence soon 
showed that the hypothesis that A and 
B were physically distinct objects was 
wrong. 
If A and B were indeed two distinct 
quasars, at two different points in 
space, then sufficiently powerful spec- 
troscopic observations would inevita- 
bly reveal differences in certain ab- 
sorption lines in their spectra. Unlike 
the emission lines, these absorptions 
are not produced by the gases of the 
quasars themselves, but in the inter- 
galactic gas in their general vicinity. 
In particular, due to the motion of 
the intergalactic gas, the absorption 
lines in the spectrum of A should have 
red shifts slightly different from those 
in the spectrum of B. 
Shortly after the March 29 discov- 
ery, however, additional spectra of 
higher quality were obtained with the 
90-inch reflector of the Steward Ob- 
servatory (another facility on Kitt 
Peak) and with the Multiple Mirror 
Telescope, an instrument equivalent 
in light-gathering power to a 176-inch 
reflector, on Mount Hopkins, also in 
Arizona. These spectra verified with 
greater precision that the absorption 
lines of A and B have identical red 
shifts. Walsh, Carswell, and Weymann 
were then able to conclude with high 
certainty that A and B are not two 
different quasars. Rather (as the three 
astronomers had suspected from the 
first, despite the skepticism of many 
colleagues), the double quasar repre- 
sents the first known case of gravi- 
tational imaging, or gravitationally 
focused images, a phenomenon pre- 
dicted by Albert Einstein as a con- 
sequence of his general theory of rel- 
ativity. According to this interpreta- 
tion, A and B are but two different 
images of a single real quasar. The 
images are formed by a natural gravi- 
tational lens, in this case a giant galaxy 
with strong gravitation, which focuses 
and intensifies the quasar light, just 
as a convex lens, or “burning glass,” 
serves to focus the sun’s rays to ignite 
a fire. 
Einstein apparently did not consider 
the possibility that some object other 
than a star might act as a gravitational 
lens. But one of his contemporaries, 
the late Swiss astronomer Fritz 
Zwicky, realized that galaxies might 
also produce observable gravitational 
imaging and that the phenomenon 
could be used to increase the effective 
range of observatory telescopes. In 
1937, Zwicky published a calculation 
26 
