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The 1982 Program 
Stimulate your mind on a Questers nature 
tour. We search out the plants and animals, birds 
and flowers... and explore rain forests, mountains and 
tundra, seashores, lakes and swamps. There is ample 
time to photograph, absorb, reflect. Naturalist guides, 
small tour parties, first-class accommodations. 
Worldwide Nature Tours 
1982 Departures 
The Americas 
Everglades: 11 days, Apr 8. Nov 4 • Hawaii: 15 
days, Feb 14, Mar 21, Oct 10. Dec 19 -Alaska: 17 
days. June 12, 26. July 10, 24, Aug 7 • Pacific 
Northwest: 12 days, June 20. Aug 1 • Superior 
Forest Canoe Trip: 9 days, July 1 0, Aug 14- North- 
west Canada: 16 days, July 2 • Churchill: 
11 days, July 17 • Newfoundland: 16 days. June 13 • 
Baja California: 11 days, Apr 16. Oct 15- Southern 
Mexico: 14 days, Feb 14 Dec 19 • Costa Rica & 
Panama: 16 days, Feb 13, Nov 20. Dec 18 • The 
Amazon: 17 days. Jan 17, May 9, July 4 
Aug 8, Oct. 10, Nov 14 • Galapagos: 15 days. 
Jan 28, Apr 22, July 15, Aug 5, Oct 28 • Peru: 
23 days, July17,Nov 6 -Patagonia: 21 days, Nov 6 
•Trinidad & Tobago: 11 days, Mar 8, Nov 8 
Euro pe 
Iceland: 16 days, June 11, July 2, Aug 6 • Islands/ 
Highlands of Scotland: 21 days, May 27, July 15. 
Aug 19 • Switzerland: 17 days, July 16. Aug 13- 
Greece: 19 days, Mar 29, Sept 20 • Spain: 
20 days, Apr 16, Sept 3 
Asia and Africa 
Israel: 16 days. Mar 15, Oct 18 • The Himalayas: 
23 days. Mar 18, Oct 7 • India: 23 days, Jan 30, 
Oct 30. Nov 27 • Sri Lanka: 18 days. Feb 19, 
Nov 19 • Kenya: 23 days, Feb 4, July 22, Oct 21 • 
Zimbabwe & Botswana: 19 days, July 8. Aug 5 
Australasia 
Australia & New Zealand: 30 days, Feb 13, Oct 2- 
New Zealand & the Milford Track: 22 days, 
Feb 12, Nov 12 • The Complete Australia: 
35 days, Sept 3 
To learn more, write requesting the 1982 
Directory of Worldwide Nature Tours Indicate if 
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send the corresponding Detailed Itinerary 
QUESTERS 
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mann’s continuity of germ plasm — 
rendered it anomalous. Burkhardt 
writes that in the usual model “a long- 
accepted theory is toppled by a newly 
discovered, apparently anomalous fact. 
In the case of telegony, in contrast, a 
long-accepted ‘fact’ was discredited 
when confronted with a new, apparent- 
ly contradictory theory.” 
In part, Burkhardt suggests, teleg- 
ony gathered favor because it fit well 
with a variety of nineteenth-century as- 
sumptions, ranging from the “natural” 
dominance of males over females to 
support for separation of races by the 
argument that sexual contact with a 
lower race might extend its baleful in- 
fluence far beyond the immediate con- 
sequences of the act itself. In part, te- 
legony simply wasn’t controversial 
enough and nobody bothered to test 
Lord Morton’s improbable assertion. 
When tested, telegony fell, and to this 
extent the usual model of science as ob- 
jective experiment was vindicated. But 
another aspect of the conventional view 
did not apply: fact did not act as the 
cleansing broom for outmoded theory. 
Rather, a false “fact” endured for an 
uncomfortably long time until theory 
demanded its test. What does this story 
tell us about the relation of fact and the- 
ory in science and about the role of sin- 
gle, isolated facts in the first place? I 
will return to these generalities, but 
first, another and similar tale. 
In 1922, British paleontologist A.E. 
Trueman published the most famous 
paper of our century on a supposedly 
unbroken lineage of evolving fossils. He 
argued that flat oysters had slowly 
evolved into coiled oysters of the genus 
Gryphaea. Although coiling was origi- 
nally advantageous in raising the oys- 
ters above an increasingly muddy sea 
floor, the trend, once started, could not 
be halted. Gryphaea built one coiled 
valve and one flat valve lying like a cap 
atop its coiling partner. Eventually, the 
coil grew up and over the cap, finally 
pressing hard upon it. Unable to open 
its shell, Gryphaea perished, impris- 
oned in its own embrace. 
When Trueman published his paper, 
most paleontologists were not Darwin- 
ians. The theory of orthogenesis, or 
“straight line” evolution forcing organ- 
isms along predetermined paths, was 
still popular. An inexorable trend that 
natural selection could not stop and 
that led to the demise of a lineage was 
an expected phenomenon. Thus, True- 
man’s story was not challenged by pale- 
ontologists, and like the zebra’s impact 
on Lord Morton’s mare, overcoiled 
20 
