KEEPING WARM 
yielding air at precisely the temperature 
and relative humidity desired. With 
Carrier’s discovery, for the first time all 
the elements of thermal control were 
available. 
In recent years, standards for thermal 
comfort have been incorporated into 
many municipal and state building 
codes in the United States. Nowadays, 
there is an underlying assumption that 
the best thermal environment is one that 
need never be noticed, and that once an 
objectively “comfortable” thermal envi- 
ronment has been provided, all of our 
thermal needs will have been met. Our 
extremely sophisticated environmental 
control systems are all directed to this 
one end. 
To maintain such unnatural uniform- 
ity, however, not only requires a great 
deal of effort and energy but also over- 
looks an important aspect of the way 
human beings experience a space. Such 
thermal qualities as warm, cool, humid, 
and airy and, in particular, the juxtapo- 
sition of these qualities provide a special 
source of comfort and even delight. We 
all love having our world full of colors — 
every color in the rainbow and then 
some. Even though studies have shown 
blue to be the most restful color, I doubt 
that anyone would put forth an argu- 
ment for a monochromatic world. And 
yet a steady-state thermal environment 
is the prevailing standard for office 
buildings, schools, and homes across the 
United States. 
The steady-state approach to the ther- 
mal environment assumes that any de- 
gree of thermal stress is undesirable, 
that people must be spared the effort 
and the distraction of adjusting to differ- 
ent conditions. And yet, in spite of the 
extra physiological effort required to 
adjust to thermal stimuli, people defi- 
nitely seem to enjoy a range of tempera- 
tures. Indeed, they frequently seek out 
extreme thermal environments for rec- 
reation or vacations. This must explain 
in large part the love of the Finns for 
their saunas and the Japanese for their 
scalding hot baths. Americans flock to 
beaches in the summer to bake in the 
sun and travel great distances in the 
winter to ski on frosty mountaintops. 
People relish the very hotness or cold- 
ness of these places. There is far more 
richness in the thermal environment 
than just one zone of comfort. The ther- 
mal environment has the potential to 
provide us with sensual delights and 
cultural associations that should not be 
designed out of existence. □ 
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