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after the turn of the century. Others 
have arrived more recently with the 
passage of birds. The cutting of the trees 
leads to the massive germination of 
these seeds and the rapid transformation 
of the decomposing litter into a garden 
of seedlings. Pin cherries display one of 
the highest growth rates of the promi- 
nent forest species, forming a closed 
canopy of knee-high saplings within a 
year or two of release from life as a seed. 
Fruit production soon begins, and the 
high fragrance and spring blossoms of 
Prunus pensylvanica will command the 
canopy for the next twenty years. 
Pin cherry eventually relinquishes the 
stage to other hardwood species, such as 
beech, yellow birch, and sugar maple, 
that dominate the uncut forest. Bor- 
mann and Likens drew their account of 
pin cherry biology from the work of 
Peter Marks, a plant ecologist at Cornell 
who studied extensively in the Hubbard 
Brook forest. Marks found small sap- 
lings of the future hardwoods, which 
had apparently survived the lumbering, 
growing in the midst of a thicket of pin 
cherry seedlings within a couple of years 
after the start of revegetation. Thus all 
the individuals in the succession are 
present at the beginning. Mortality 
among the dense cherry seedlings is 
extremely high, with only one out of 
twenty-five reaching the age of peak 
reproduction. Individuals of beech and 
maple fare much better than the smaller 
cherry plants because they can tolerate 
the deep shade cast by the overstory. 
These small hardwoods achieve some 
marginal growth each year, and by the 
time they penetrate the canopy, the old- 
est pin cherries have begun to senesce, 
freeing space for the emerging hard- 
woods. With time the forest’s original 
composition is restored. 
The coincidence of the cutting of the 
forest and the massive germination of 
pin cherry seeds is striking. Equally re- 
markable is the relationship between the 
high growth rate of these seedlings and 
the recovery of control over the export 
of nutrients through ground water. Fi- 
nally the deposition of a new population 
of seeds through abundant fruit produc- 
tion appears to renew the potential for a 
similar response in the future. Bormann 
and Likens find this biology so persua- 
sive that they call it the buried seed 
strategy and assign it a critical function 
in their forest model. The adaptations of 
pin cherry — its dormant seed popula- 
tions, simultaneous and rapid germina- 
tion, high rate of growth, abundant 
fruiting, and early senescence — are in- 
terpreted in their model as part of a plan 
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