A PHOTO SAFARI TO REMEMBER 
India & Nepal 
JANUARY FEBRUARY. 1982 
Visit Old & New Delhi • the 
Taj Mahal • Tiger Tops resort 
in Nepal • the Ghana Bird 
Sanctuary or Bandogarh and 
Kanha big game and tiger 
sanctuaries • Pink city ol 
Jaipur or the Erotic Temples 
of Khajuraho • Shop in the 
famed oriental bazaars 
Come and experience a world 
of color: fantastic places • 
magical names • exotic game 
• majestic mountains • erotic 
art • magnificent architecture 
ALL INCLUSIVE of air, ground transportation, 
hotels, jungle lodges, three gourmet meals 
(continental & oriental) and much, much more 
from $2,700 for coach up to $4,500 for first class 
all the way on this 18-day tour. 
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Alexander H. Smith and 
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The 
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"a forager's Bible," 
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Dept A P.O.Box 1104 Ann Arbor MI 48106 
cation of a simple Darwinian test to the 
biology of pin cherries. Most evolution 
occurs through natural selection, which 
causes an increase in the frequency of 
those inherited traits that allow individ- 
uals to leave relatively more offspring in 
future generations. In many instances 
these traits of individual organisms will 
also promote some ecosystem process, 
such as the recovery of nutrients from 
ground water. But suppose, for a mo- 
ment, that a mutation occurred in a pin 
cherry seedling that decreased the effi- 
ciency or rate of recovery of an injured 
ecosystem but had the effect of increas- 
ing the number of future grandchildren 
descended from this individual. For in- 
stance, I can imagine a gene that chan- 
nels energy into greater fruit production 
at the expense of an expanding canopy. 
Would such a gene spread through the 
population, decreasing the rate of tran- 
spiration and ecosystem recovery? If it 
increased the fitness of the individual 
cherry tree, we can say that it would, 
with high probability, soon characterize 
all the pin cherries in the population. 
Similarly, a gene that caused individual 
trees to leave relatively fewer descen- 
dants than neighbors would never in- 
crease in frequency, independent of its 
effects on ecosystem recovery. The ap- 
pearance of adaptive order in the prop- 
erties of the whole ecosystem — homeo- 
stasis, feedback recovery, stability — is 
just that, an appearance of design. 
I suspect my colleagues who study 
ecosystems may still prefer a holistic 
vision of system stability. The quality of 
the science in the Hubbard Brook study 
is not in question here. Bormann and 
Likens have constructed a piece of re- 
search that is brilliant, synthetic, and 
rigorous, and it will surely prove im- 
mensely important for predicting the 
long-term effects of disturbance on nat- 
ural habitats. At issue is the way we 
choose our conceptual language while 
creating our interpretations of nature. 
As the great geneticist Theodosius 
Dobzhansky said, nothing in biology 
makes sense except in the light of evolu- 
tion. Should not the figurative language 
with which we dress our perceptions at 
least harmonize with the principle of 
natural selection? To do so, the words we 
choose must reflect the perspective of 
the individual, whose growth and repro- 
duction are the gist of fitness. Eco- 
systems evolve only as their constituent 
organisms live and die, and our sense of 
adaptive design is only a mirage. 
Robert E. Cook is associate professor 
of biology at Harvard University. 
7 
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For the fifth year, we invite adventurous 
travelers to / oin us on a unique travel ex- 
perience 
The Snows 
of Kilimanjaro 
FEBRUARY 5 TO 22, 1982 
Our expedition begins with a wildlife 
safari to Ngorongoro Crater, the Seren- 
geti Plains and Lake Manyara, where we 
also undertake hikes to prepare us for the 
ascent of Africa's highest mountain, 
crowned with its permanent icecap 
In order to make the climb not only 
memorable but enjoyable, we allow plenty 
of time for resting at huts and camps to 
become used to the high altitude 
Detailed brochure of the expedition and a 
copy of our newsletter which lists all our 
fascinating travel programs, available from 
HANNS EBENSTEN TRAVEL, INC 
70S WASHINGTON STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10014 
TELEPHONE (212) 691 7429 
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