72 
ORGANOGRAPHY. 
BOOK I. 
branclilets, and by the older botanists flagella ; the assemblage 
of branches which forms the head of a forest tree is called the 
coma : cyma is sometimes used to express the same thing, 
but improperly. Shoots which have not completed their 
growth have received the name of innovations, a term usually 
applied in mosses. When such a shoot is covered with scales 
upon its first appearance, as the Asparagus, it is called turio : 
by the old botanists all such shoots were named asparagi. 
When a shoot is long and flexible, it receives the name of 
vimen. This word, however, is seldom used ; its adjective 
being employed instead : thus, we say, rami viminei, or caulis 
vimineus ; and not vimen. From this kind of branch, that 
called a virgate stem, caulis virgatus, differs only in being less 
flexible. A young slender branch of a tree or shrub is some- 
times named virgultum. When the branches diverge nearly 
at right angles from the stem, they are said to be hrachiate. 
Small stems, which proceed from buds formed at the neck 
of a plant without the previous production of a leaf, are called 
cauliculi. 
Link calls a stem which proceeds straight from the earth 
to the summit, bearing its branches on its sides, as Pinus, a 
caulis excurrens, and a stem which at a certain distance above 
the earth breaks out into irregular ramifications, a caulis 
deliquescens. 
From the constitution and ramifications of their branches, 
plants are divided into trees, shrubs, and herbs. If the 
branches are perennial, and supported upon a trunk, a ti'ee 
(arbor) is said to be formed ; for a small tree, the term arbus- 
cuius is sometimes employed. When the branches are peren- 
nial, proceeding directly from the surface of the earth without 
any supporting trunk, we have a shrub (frutex or arbustum, 
Lat.), which occasionally, when very small, receives the dimi- 
nutive name of fruticulus. If a shrub is low, and very much 
branched, it is often called dumosus (subst. dumus). The 
suffrutex, or under-shrub, differs from the shrub, in perishing 
annually, either wholly or in part ; and from the herb, in 
having branches of a woody texture, which frequently exist 
more than one year : such is the Mignionette (Reseda odorata) 
in its native country, or in the state in which it is known in 
