196 
ORGANOGRAPHY. 
BOOK 
T 
may be seen of a partial union only of the styles, which are 
distinct upwards, but united below. In speaking of styles in 
this latter state, botanists are accustomed to describe them as 
divided in different ways, which is manifestly an inaccurate 
mode of expression. 
The stigma is the upper extremity of the style, without 
epidermis ; in consequence of which it has, almost uniformly, 
either a humid or papillose surface. In the first case it is so 
in consequence of the fluids of the style being allowed to flow 
up through the intercellular passages of the tissue, there 
being no cuticle to repress and conceal them ; in the latter 
case the papillae are really the rounded sides of vesicles of 
cellular tissue. When perfectly simple, it is usually notched 
on one side, the notch corresponding with the side from which 
the placenta arises : see the stigma of Rosa, Prunus, Pyrus, 
and others. If it belongs to a single carpel, it is either undi- 
vided, or its divisions, if any, are placed side by side, as in 
Euphorbiaceae, Crocus, &c. ; but if it is formed by the union 
of the stigmas of several carpels, its lobes are either opposite 
each other, as in Mimulus, or placed in a whorl, as in Gera- 
nium. Such being the case, it is a general law that an appa- 
rently simple ovary, to which more than two opposite stigmas 
belong, is really of a compound nature; but, when the stigma 
of a simple carpel is two-lobed, the arms are often placed 
exactly opposite each other, as in Composite, Graminaceas, 
&c., and then the apparent number of the stigmas is not the 
real number. 
Nothing is, properly speaking, stigma, except the secreting 
surface of the style ; it very often, however, happens, that the 
term is carelessly applied to other portions of the style. 
For example, in the genus Iris, the three petaloid lobed styles 
in the centre are called stigmata; while the stigma is in 
reality confined to a^narrow humid space at the back of each 
stylo: in Labiatae, Bentham has shown that wEat is called a 
two-lobed stigma has a two-lobed style, the points only of the 
lobes of which are stigmatic : and in Lathyrus, and many 
other papilionaceous plants, Linnaean botanists call the hairy 
back of the style the stigma; while, in fact, the latter is con- 
fined to the mere point of the style. 
