HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 
no doubt intended for Rosa gallica, with a long quotation from 
Dioscorides, and a figure of Rosa canina, which he calls the Brere or 
Hip Brere. Lobel (1581) was the first to establish our knowledge 
of Roses on a firm foundation. He gives ten characteristic woodcuts 
representing Rosa gallica , Rosa centifolia, Rosa spinosissima (without 
spines), Rosa rubiginosa , Rosa cinnamomea , Rosa canina , Rosa lutea, 
and three forms of Rosa moschata. T abernaemontanus, in his wonderful 
I cones of 1590, figures Rosa alba , Rosa gallica, Rosa provincialis , 
Rosa provincialis minor (probably Rosa parvifolia), two forms of Rosa 
moschata, Rosa lutea, Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa spinosissima (under the 
name of Rosa arvinal), and a Rose without spines probably intended for 
Rosa francofurtana. Gerard, in his Herbal of 1597, gives fourteen 
figures, adding Rosa damascena to the species already mentioned ; in 
his garden in Holborn in 1599 cultivated nine species. Clusius 
figures four species in his Historia , and his use of the name versicolor 
occurs twenty-eight years previous to Parkinson’s P aradisus } He is 
the first to describe Rosa hemisphaerica , which he calls Rosa flava plena. 
In his Pinax (1620), Caspar Bauhin adds Rosa arvensis but does not 
figure it. In Johnson’s amended edition of Gerard (1636) there are 
eighteen figures, but no new species is added. In Parkinson’s 
Theatrum of 1640 six Roses are figured, among which are Rosa 
sylvestris austriaca, Rosa pimpinella or pomifera minor, and Rosa 
pumila\ and in his P aradisus of 1656 twenty-four Roses are enu- 
merated, Rosa incarnata, Rosa pomifera major, Rosa sempervirens , 
and Rosa damascena versicolor being additions. Plukenet, in his 
Almagestum of 1696, adds Rosa multiflora and Rosa laevigata. His 
descriptions are very scanty, but his specimens may be seen in 
the Sloane Collection at the Natural History Museum. This marks 
the first addition of a Chinese Rose to our list. Petiver, in his 
Gazophylacium of 1704, figures Rosa microcarpa, a third Chinese 
species. Ray, in the second volume of his Historia of 1 7 23, enumerates 
thirty-seven Roses, but many of them are only varieties. He adds 
Rosa virginiaiia, which was the first American Rose cultivated in 
Europe. It must have been introduced some time previous to 1640, 
for in that year Parkinson mentions it in his Theatrum, under the 
name of Rosa sylvestris virginiensis. This Rose was beautifully 
figured by Dillenius in his Hortus Elthamensis under the name of 
1 Rar. Plant. Hist., p. 114 (1601). 
XI 
