62 RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF DR. NYLANDER ON SC H WENDENERISM. 
selves, nor are syngonimia anywhere visible in the stercocauline 
thallus or podetia, unless in the cephalodia themselves. And there 
remains to be explained the very difficult operation of penetration 
into the textures. AH these allegations belong to inept Schwen- 
denerism, and scarcely deserve even to be reviewed and castigated, 
so puerile are they — the offspring of inexperience and of a very 
light imagination. No true science is there. 
I have previously shown that all the Schwendenerian “ Algae ” 
are lichens, and entirely of a lichenose nature. ( Vide Lich. Japon., 
pp. 100-111.) 
In addition, a philosophical consideration stands prominently 
forth in this question, viz., that the types of gonidia and gonimia 
are systematically in all parts conjoined with the types of the 
species to which they belong. And, indeed, we see that a good 
many lichens present an intimate connection — gonidic, and, at the 
same time, gonimic, the types being constant, so that they may be 
regarded as bound to a double Schwendenerism. The systematic 
congruity which is always present in the thalline texture of every 
lichen between the gonidia and its other anatomical elements, ex- 
pressing its own common character in the systematic series 
jointly in each species, repudiates and absolutely refutes all 
Schwendenerism. And not otherwise systematically do the sper- 
mogones in lichens, constantly connected with their thalli, demon- 
strate a parallelism, everywhere organic and perfect, with their 
apothecia ; and in a systematic respect the spermogones are evidently 
of equal weight with the former ( vide Nyl. Lich. Fret. Behring, p. 
77), and accordingly cannot be conceived of otherwise than as male 
organs. Thus the gonidia, apothecia, and spermogones, formed 
by a common genesis, constitute necessary and essential organs 
of every lichen. A lichen exists solely through their genetic and 
organic unity. Those who there discern a “Fungus” and “Algal” 
imagine mere fables. 
CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE. 
Zabriskie, J. L. On Pestalozzia insidens , in u Journ. N.Y. 
Micro. Soc.,” July, 1891. 
Richards, H. M. On structure and development of Choreo- 
colax polysiphonia. “ Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci.,” Yol. 
xxvi. 
Bescherelle, E. Fissidentacees de la Guadeloupe, etc., in 
“ Revue Bryologique,” No. iv., 1891. 
Bommer et Rousseau. Contributions a la Flore Mycologique 
de Belgique, in “ Bullet. Soc. Roy. But. de Belg.,” 1891. 
Atkin son, G. F. Sphcerella gossypina and Cercospora gossy- 
pina, in “ Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,” Oct., 1891. 
