GARDENING AS A SCIENCE. 
155 
remain just under its centre or pith, and the bud cannot take root in the stock, and 
therefore must perish. 
It is customary to remove the small strip of wood that lies under the detached 
bud, and thus, unless the operation be adroitly performed, (beginning at the upper 
part of the bark, above and not below the eye, coaxing, as it were, the wood to 
slide gradually away from the bark,) the eye will be lost ; to avoid the risk of this, 
many are contented to pare the wood away to the minutest shaving, but as wood 
cannot unite with wood, there is danger even in this precaution. 
To view the operation physiologically, we must consider the phenomena stated 
by Du Hamel, and those witnessed in the protrusion of granular matter above 
alluded to, in connexion with the vascular and cellular system of the stock. The 
following lines from the Domestic Gardeners Manual, p. 560, may be aptly cited. 
4< Budding differs from common grafting, inasmuch as in the latter the buds of the 
scion lie safely embedded in their own native matrix, and the junction of the edges 
of the two barks suffices to effect the desired union ; but in the former, the bud, in 
order to produce its developments, must rest upon an appropriate medium ; and if 
its life have been previously identified with that of the ligneous matter in which it lay 
embedded, it cannot continue to live unless it be placed in absolute contiguity with 
some congenial substance resembling that from which it has been severed. Now 
such may be found in the divergent layers (the convergent processes of Knight) — 
radii medullares — for their substance appears to be parenchymatous, and they are 
known to extend to the alburnum and liber." 
A very accurate figure of a bud and stock is found side by side with a simple 
description of the operation, at p. 223 of Lindley's Theory of Horticulture : to 
these we refer, but beg to extract a few lines, which bear upon the hypothesis now 
in vogue. " The organization of wood takes place in its exterior, and that of bark 
on its interior surface, and these are the parts which are applied to each other in 
the operation of budding ; in addition to which the stranger bud finds itself, in its 
new position, as freely in communication with alimentary matter, or more so, than 
on its parent branch. A union takes place on the cellular faces, or horizontal 
system, of the stock and bark of the bud, while the latter, as soon as it begins to 
grow, sends down woody matter or vertical system through the cellular substance." 
" In all cases a portion of the wood of the bud must be left adhering to it, or the 
bud will perish ; because its most essential part is the young woody matter in its 
centre, and not the external surface, which is a mere coating of bark." 
This extract goes far to corroborate the statement of the previous quotation, 
from a work written many years since. Both prove two main facts ; first, that 
the bud must be perfect and entire in all its parts ; and second, that to secure the 
adaptation of systems, horizontal and vertical, which is essential to security, the 
two members, bud and stock, must be alike or nearly related ; and thus, that a rose 
can only take upon a rose-stock, an apple upon an apple, and so forth. 
As to the season and the condition of the members, the former is comprised 
