690 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
cipally after Cope", but with names more adapted to 
our previous treatment of the Physoclysts: 
1 : The shoulder-girdle suspended from the 
head. 
A: An internal supporting bone (os prse- 
coracoideum) for the coraco-scapular disk 
rises from the coracoid bone to the in- 
side of the clavicle or of the scapula. 
a: Anterior vertebrae more or less con- 
fluent; air-bladder connected with 
the hearing- apparatus by a row of 
ossicles. 
a: No distinct os symplecticum; no 
suboperculum; maxillary bones 
rudimentary, forming in most ca- 
ses the base of a maxillary bar- 
bel on each side 
/?: Os symplecticum distinct; sub- 
operculum present; maxillary 
bones normal 
b: Anterior vertebrae normal; air-bladder 
without osseous connexion with the 
hearing-apparatus 
B: No os praecoracoideum 
II: The shoulder-girdle suspended from the 
spinal column. 
Glanomorphi b . 
Cyprinorn orpin c . 
Thrissomorphi d . 
Esociformes e . 
EnchelymorphP. 
GL AN OMOKPHI. 
The shoulder -girdle suspended from the head (as usual in the Teleosts). Coraco-scapular disk internally strength- 
ened by an arch formed by a special bone (os prcecoracoideum) from the coracoid bone to the clavicle or the upper 
( anterior ) margin of the scapula. Most of the first four or five vertebrae more or less altered from the ordinary 
form and more or less completely confluent with each other or even with the occipital bone. Some of the ribs 
belonging to these vertebra metamorphosed into a connecting chain of bones between the air-bladder and: the audi- 
tory apparatus. No os symplecticum in the hyomandibular arch. Each palatine arch composed of only two bones , 
os pterygoideum and os palatinum. Opercular apparatus without suboperculum. Maxillary bones reduced, generally 
forming , together with their supplementary bones , the mobile base of a maxillary barbel on each side. No true 
scales, body naked or covered with plates. 
Valenciennes g ranged the Glanomorphs at the head 
of the Malacopterygians (nearest to the Acanthoptery- 
gians), because they possess the most strongly ossified 
fin-rays. This character the possession in the fore- 
most pectoral rays and the first (second) dorsal ray of 
admirable weapons of defence and attack — is indeed 
fairly constant in its appearance, but still variable 
enough to render it useless to the systematise The 
Glanomorphs also vary so greatly both in the rest of 
their structure and in the form of the body that the 
distinction between them and the next series of fami- 
lies consists principally in the negative characters given 
above, the simpler (less complete) structure of the oper- 
cular apparatus, which is without suboperculum, of the 
hyomandibular arch (the suspensory arch of the lower 
jaw and the hyoid bone), which is made up on each side 
a Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XIV, n. ser. (1871), p. 452. 
1 Nematognathi, Cope. 
c Plectospondyli, Cope. 
d Isospondyli, Cope. 
c Haplomi, Cope. 
f Apodes, Lin., auctt. 
rj Cuv., Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. XIV, p. 309. 
h Atl. Ichth. Lid. Or. Ne'erl., tome II, p. 2. 
‘ Cf. Valenciennes in Cuv., Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. XV, 
of only two bones, os hyomandibular e and os quadratum, 
and lastly of the palatine arch, which is also composed 
on each side of only two bones, os pterygoideum and 
os palatinum. 
The systematic arrangement of the Glanomorphs 
has always presented great difficulty. BleekeiG based 
his division of this series into families in the first place 
on the singular respiration of certain forms. Apart 
from the fact that some ( Plotosus ) are furnished behind 
the vent with ramified dermal excrescences', which 
Bleeker explains as respiratory organs, others (Hetero- 
branclius and Cl arias ) possess similar growths of the 
mucous membrane of the branchial cavity, on the se- 
cond, third, and fourth branchial arches, this apparatus 
being concealed in a cavity behind the branchial cavity 
proper. Others again ( Saccobranchus ) are destitute of 
p. 411. 
