720 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
one hand to an elongation of the base of the dorsal tin, but 
with this base more and more reduced the nearer the 
series approaches to Leuciscus, on the other hand to almost 
as great an elongation of the base of the anal tin. By 
combining the expressions of these changes we find one 
division, the subfamily of the Carps, corresponding to 
Klein’s" genus Cyprinus , in all the forms of which the 
dorsal fin is at least 1 / 3 (up to 4 1 / 2 times) longer than 
the anal, another division, within which the base of the 
dorsal fin measures at most about 130 % h , but some- 
times no more than 70 % of the length of the base of 
the anal fin, and a third division, within which this 
percentage lies between 60 and 23. The last two di- 
visions, which comprise the majority of our Cyprinoids, 
may also be defined by a comparison between the lengths 
of the lower jaw and of the base of the anal fin. In 
the former group, the subfamily of the Roaches, Klein’s 0 
genus Leuciscus , the length of the lower jaw measures 
as a rule perceptibly more than half of the base of the 
anal fin; but the proportion is subject to a change of 
growth ,l which approximates this group to the latter 
one, essentially corresponding to Klein’s 0 genus Brama , 
the subfamily of the Bleaks and Breams, within which 
division the length of the lower jaw may indeed sink 
to about Vs of the base of the anal fin, but may also 
rise at least to 48 % thereof 7 . On these grounds we 
therefore distinguish among all the forms that in this 
respect have attained a fixed character 77 — which is the 
case in all the Scandinavian species — three subfamilies: 
A : Dorsal fin considerably longer than 
the anal, length, of the base of the 
latter at most 75 % (sometimes only 
21 %) of that of the base of the former Subfamily Cyprinince. 
B: Dorsal and anal fins of fairly equal 
length, minimum length of the base 
of the latter at least 77 % of that of 
the base of the former, minimum length 
of the base of the former at least 70 % 
of that of the base of the latter Subfamily Leuciscince. 
C: Anal fin considerably longer than the 
dorsal, length of the base of the latter 
at most 60 % (sometimes only 23 %) 
of that of the base of the former.. Subfamily Abramidince . 
The knowledge of the Scandinavian Cyprinoids has 
been of fundamental service in the determination of the 
other European forms of this family, and the first edition 
of Scandinavian Fishes was of great importance from 
this point of view. Fries and Ekstrom there prefaced 
their diagnosis by a general summary of what their pre- 
decessors, from Artedi, had accomplished to the same 
end, and this summary is even now not without interest. 
Artedi, they wrote, who described with an accuracy 
unparalleled in his time all the indigenous piscine spe- 
cies which he had the opportunity of seeing and ob- 
serving in nature, adopted h sixteen Swedish species of 
the genus Cyprinus: 
Iden (the “Ide”), in modern times Leuciscus idus , 
Sarfven (the Rudd), ,, 
Morten (the Roach), ,, 
Stdmmen (the Dace), ,, 
Sandkryparen (the 
Gudgeon), „ 
Aspen (the “Asp”), ,, 
LAjan (the Bleak), ,, 
Virnban (the 
“Zarthe”), ,, 
Bjorknan (the 
White Bream), ,, 
Braxen (the Bream), „ 
Fliran (the “Zope”), ,, 
Scardinius ei \j tin - 
oplitlialmus, 
Leuciscus rutilus , 
Leuciscus grislagine , 
Gobio fluviatilis , 
Aspius rapax , 
Alb ur nus lucid us, 
Abramis virnba , 
Abramis blicca , 
Abramis brama, 
Abramis ballerus, 
Faren, which has proved to be merely a nominal species, 
Karpen (the Carp), in modern times Cyprinus carpio, 
Sutaren (the Tench), ,, ,, ,, Tinea vulgaris, 
Rudan (the Crucian 
Carp), ,, ,, ,, Cyprinus carassivs , 
Elritsan (the 
Minnow), ,, ,, ,, Phoxinus aphya. 
a Hist. Pise. Nat., Miss. V, p. 58. 
h According to our measurements at most 123 % ; but Kr0yer mentions a Roach in which the base of the dorsal fin measured 129 % of that of the anal. 
c L. c., p. 64, with the exclusion, however, of the Bleaks. 
d In large Rudd the percentage may sink to 51. 
e L. c., p. 61, with the exclusion, however, of the Rudd and Tench. 
f In the above-mentioned hybrid, the German Leiter , which also occurs in Scandinavia, the length of the lower jaw is sometimes 
rather more, sometimes less than half the length of the base of the anal fin. 
<J In genera which presumably stand nearer the original forms of the family, this character has not acquired the same degree of con- 
stancy as in those which have advanced further in the differentiation of form. So, for example, the above taxonomic relation seems to give 
a sexual difference in the Bitterling ( Rhodens amarus ), to judge by the 6 specimens which the Royal Museum has received through Professor 
Siebold from the River 111 at Strasburg. In the four females among these specimens the length of the base of the anal fin is at most 75^ 
(70 — 75 %) of that of the base of the dorsal fin, while in the two males this percentage is respectively 77 and 81 %. 
h Descr. Spec. Pise., pp. 6 — 31. Together with the excellent descriptions the Swedish names may serve in the first place to deter- 
mine these species. 
