CARP -FISHES. 
721 
All these forms had retained their position of recog- 
nised species until the time when the first edition of 
Scandinavian Fishes appeared. Fries and Ekstrom 
then advanced the opinion that the so-called Faren was 
a young - Bream" to which Artedi had applied a Swe- 
dish name that is used throughout the Sodermanland 
coast of Lake Malar for the “Zope”. 
In the second edition of his Fauna Suecica Linnaeus 
adopted as Swedish all Artedi’s species with the excep- 
tion of the Gudgeon, and added only one new, but very 
characteristic species, the Skdrbraxen , Cyprinus (now 
Pelecus ) cultratus. We must not suppose, however, that 
Linnaeus understood by his Cyprinus BiorJma the same 
species as Artedi: — -this Linnsean form, as Fries and 
Ekstrom have shown, is a nominal species made up of 
the White Bream and the Zope. Linnaeus is also the ori- 
ginator of another nominal species, briefly alluded to in 
the Sy sterna Natures' 1 under the name of Cyprinus Idharus, 
as occurring in the Swedish lakes, and subsequently 
introduced by Retzius into the Scandinavian fauna. 
From the short diagnosis given by Linnaeus it is hardly 
possible to decide with absolute certainty whether this 
nominal species is identical with the Ide or the Roach, 
though it is most probably the same as the former. 
In the third edition, begun by Retzius in 1800, 
of the Fauna Suecica , 20 species of the Carp genus are 
adopted, namely the same 16 as in the second edition (the 
Bjorkna and Faren thus in their Lin mean signi fication, 
and not as in Artedi), together with Artedi’s Sandkry- 
■ pare ( Cyprinus Gobio), and three new species are added: 
Cyprinus Dobula, 
,, Idharus , 
,, Phoxinus. 
Among these three Fries and Ekstrom recognised 
the specific rank of the first alone; of Idharus they had 
already declared their opinion, and with regard to Pho- 
xinus they pointed out that the specific character as- 
signed to it did not justify its recognition as a distinct 
species from Linnaeus’s Cyprinus Aphya. 
In 1832 Nilsson gave in his Prodr omus Ichthyo- 
logies Scandinavian a scheme of a Scandinavian piscine 
fauna, which possesses the merit, in addition to several 
others, of having established the definitions of the spe- 
cies on more trustworthy diagnostic grounds. Within 
the Carp genus ( Cyprinus ) the said author includes 20 
species, namely the original 1 6 of Artedi, which we 
there find restored to their first signification and more 
fully diagnosed than before; furthermore C. cultratus , 
Dobula , Phoxinus , and a species now introduced for the 
first time into the Scandinavian fauna, Bloch’s Cypri- 
nus Gibelio. The last-mentioned species was, however, 
shown by Ekstrom to be merely a variety of the 
Crucian Carp. 
In the description published by Ekstrom of the 
piscine species of MorJco there also occurred a mistake 
which he hastened to correct in Scandinavian Fishes , as 
it had given rise to another nominal species, Cyprinus 
microlepidotus. On continued observation of the growth 
of the Cyprinoids he had convinced himself that this 
fish, though very different both in form and coloration, 
Avas nothing more than the Ide at an early stage of 
groAvth . 
The first edition of Scandinavian Fishes thus con- 
tained 17 Scandinavian species, determined with cer- 
tainty, Avithin the Cyprinoid family. In Kroyer’s me- 
ritorious Danmark's Fiske (vol. 3, pp. 289 etc.) and in 
Nilsson’s Skandinavisk Fauna ( Fiskarna , pp. 281 etc.) 
the number of species is the same. This number Avas 
first increased in 1871 by a neAV addition to our fauna, 
Avhen Lilljeborg' - described SAvedish specimens of Leu- 
caspius delineatus, specimens to Avhich his attention had 
been called by Mr. Ahlbom, Collector of Customs at 
Landskrona. In 1877 Doctor Feddersen found in Jut- 
land a species neAV to Denmark, Abramis bipunctatus. 
We thus knoAv at present 19 or — as the Goldfish may 
claim a place in the character of a domesticated spe- 
cies — 20 Scandinavian species of Cyprinoids, together 
Avith the above-mentioned hybrids. 
a As we shall show later on, Artedi (1. c., p. 23) has really described an Abramis ballerus or “Zope" under the Swedish name 
of 11 Faren". 
6 Ed. X, tom. I, p. 324. 
c Of vers. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1871, No. 7, p. 815, tab. XVII, A. 
