724 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
Cyprinus Carpio , Lin., Syst. Nat., ed. X, tom. I, p. 320; Bl., 
Naturg. Fiscli. Deutschl., part. I, p. 92, tab. XVI et XVII; 
Betz., Fn. Suec. Lin., p. 354; Pall., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., 
tom. Ill, p. 289; Nn.ss., Proclr. Ichth. Scancl., p. 33; 
Schagerstr., Physiogr. Sallsk. Tidskr., p. 295; Cuv., Val., 
Hist. Nat. Poiss., tom. XVI, p. 23; Hckl, Russegg. Reis., 
part. II, p. 1013; Kr., Damn. Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 290; 
Nilss., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 284; Hckl, Kn., Sussioasserf. 
Oesterr. Mon., p. 54; Sieb., Susswasserf. Mitteleur., p. 84; 
Canestr., Arcliiv. Zool., Anat., Fisiol., vol. IV (1866), p. 64; 
Gthr, Brit. Mus. Cat., Fish., vol. VII, p. 25; Coll., Fork. 
Vid. Selsk. Chrnia 1874, Tilliegsh., p. 179; Hessel, U. S. 
Comm. Fish., Bep. 1875 — 76, p. 865; Feddeks., Naturh. 
Tidskr. Kbhvn, ser. 3, vol. XII, p. 82; Bncke, Fiscli. Fischer., 
Fiscliz. 0., W. Preuss., p. 106; Handb. Fiscliz., Fischer. 
(M. v. d. Borne), p. 117; Mor., Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., 
tom. Ill, p. 368; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit., Irel., vol. II, p. 158, 
tab. CXXIX, fig. 2; Mob., IIcke, Fiscli. Osts., p. 105; Lillj., 
Sv., Norg. Fn., Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 129; Fatio, Fn. Vert. 
Suisse, vol. IV, part. I, p. 171. 
Rex Cyprinorum 4- Cyprinus nudus ( alepidotus ), Bl., 1. c., 
part. Ill, pp. 131 et 178. 
Cyprinus carpio + C. coriaceus + C. specularis + C. rubro- 
fitscus + C. nigroauratus + G. viridi-violaceus, Lacep., Hist. 
Nat. Poiss., tom. V, pp. 504, 528, 530, 547. 
Cyprinus carpio + C. regina + C. elatus, Bonap., Fn. Pal., 
Peso. tab. 108 
Cyprinus liungaricus, Hckl, Ann. Wien. Mus. vol. I, part. 2, 
p. 222, tab. 19, fig. 1, C. acurninatus, Hckl, Kr., 1, c., 
p. 58. 
Cyprinus Nordmanni + C. flavipinnis (ex Kuhl et V. Hass.) 
4- C. vittatus, Cuv., Val., 1. c., pp. 66, 71, 72. 
Cyprinus bithynicus , Richards., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 372 
(vide Gthr). 
Cyprinus atrovirens + C. flammans + C. sculponeatus + C. 
hybiscoides, Bichards., Ichthyol. China, Bep. Brit. Assoc. 
1845, p. 287, cett. 
Cyprinus hcematopterus 4- C. melanotus 4- C. conirostris, Schleg. 
Fn. Japon., Pise., pp. 189 — 191, tab. XCVI et XCVII. 
Cyprinus chinensis 4- C. obesus, Basil., Nouv. Mem. Soc. 
Nat. Mosc., tom. X, pp. 227 et 228, tab. I, fig. 2, tab. II, 
fig. 3. 
All these numerous names — and still more, which 
we have refrained from giving, as we were unable to 
verify the quotations — have been applied in descrip- 
tions to the Carp with its many varieties. It has been 
treated from time immemorial, we may almost say, 
as a domestic animal, and this treatment has affected 
its external form. Several of the above synonyms 
probably denote hybrid forms, though it is difficult to 
give a positive opinion on this head, as the dentition 
of the pharyngeal bones has not been specially de- 
scribed. 
In Germany and Eastern Europe the Carp attains 
a length of about l 1 / i (Heckel and Kner) or l 1 / 2 
(Benecke) metres and a weight of about 30 — 33 kgm. 
(Pallas and Hessel). In Scandinavia it has never 
been known to attain a size at all approaching this, 
o 
and even the account given by Astrom" of three Carp 
respectively 23, 24, and 27 Swedish pounds (10 — 1 1 1 / 2 
kgm.) in weight, which were said to have been caught 
“about” 1850 in the Hoje River at Lomma, is evidently 
based on hearsay, though it cannot be considered to 
involve any impossibility. These Carp would at that 
weight have been probably 80 — 88 cm. long. 
The body is fairly elongated and thick, the greatest 
depth, which lies at the beginning of the dorsal fin, 
measuring (in specimens 4 — 4V 2 dm. long) about 25 — 
27 % of the length, and the greatest thickness (just 
behind the head) about half the depth or a little more. 
Young specimens are in general somewhat deeper 6 , but 
thinner: the thickness increases with age more than the 
depth. The dorsal and ventral profiles are fairly re- 
gularly arcuate, the former, however, more so, espe- 
cially in front. The dorsal edge is somewhat sharpened 
just in front of the beginning of the dorsal fin; the 
ventral edge, on the other hand, is more terete or even 
somewhat flattened. The contour of the tail shows at 
the ventral margin a slight break to receive the base 
of the anal fin. The least depth of the tail measures 
about 12 — 11 % of the length of the body and is as 
a rule more than 1 / 3 greater than the length of the 
base of the anal fin or about 1 / 2 (52 — 47 %) of the 
length of the head. 
The length of the head varies in adult Carp (3 — 
5 dm. long) between about 23 l / 2 and 22 1 / 2 % of that 
of the body 0 ; in young specimens it is comparatively 
somewhat greater, and it seems generally to be less in 
the females than in the males. The head is of a com- 
pressed conical form, with sharply rounded snout, and 
quite strongly reminds us of a pig’s head. The fore- 
head is fair]) 7 broad and somewhat convex (the breadth 
of the interorbital space equal to or somewhat greater 
than the length of the snout), but shows between the 
eyes a depression, bounded within the convex supra- 
orbital regions by two shallow grooves, which converge 
a Nagra iakttagelser rorande de vertebrerade djur, som fbrelcomma , i trakten af Lomma, disp. Lund 1859, p. 26. 
6 According to Canestrini’s measurements the depth of the body measures 27 — 30 % of its length (including the entire caudal fin), 
while this length increases from 128 to 200 mm. 
c When the length of the body is measured, as usual in this work, to the end of the middle caudal rays. If we take into account 
the entire length of the caudal fin, the above percentages become respectively 21 1 / 2 and 20. 
