726 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
the top a small annular protuberance ; the middle tooth, 
the largest one, is transversely (from behind and in 
front) compressed and striated in the same direction, 
with four bent furrows on its worn masticatory surface; 
the hindmost tooth, as a rule the smallest one, has the 
same transversely compressed form and similar mark- 
ings, but is furnished with only three furrows. The 
other two teeth are set beside each other at right an- 
gles to the inner row, in an outward direction from the 
middle tooth thereof, and have a more rounded masti- 
catory surface, which at least on the inner (larger) one 
is marked with stria?. The pharyngeal cartilage is de- 
ciduous and in form resembles a more or less equilateral 
triangle, with the anterior (upper) side almost straight 
or slightly convex. 
The dorsal tin begins in old Carp at a distance 
from the tip of the snout that measures about 42 % of 
the length of the body; but in young Carp its begin- 
ning lies farther back. Its posterior part is of fairly 
uniform height, but in front it is elevated in a some- 
what pointed form, the upper margin being thus more 
or less concave. The length of its base measures in old 
Carp about 38 — 35 % of that of the body, and its great- 
est height (the length of the first branched ray) about 
13 — 12 % of the length of the body, the length of the 
base of the fin being thus about three times its height; 
but in young specimens — up to a length of about 2 
dm. — the fin is comparatively much shorter, its height 
sometimes measuring as much as half its length". 
The anal fin begins in old Carp at about the end 
of the second third of the length of the body, and its 
base measures about 1 / 12 or V 13 of the same length. 
Its height (the length of the first branched ray), on the 
other hand, measures about 1 / g — ] /v °f the length of 
the body and may thus even exceed the greatest height 
of the dorsal fin. The form of the anal fin is an 
oblique trapezoid, with the outer (lower) margin straight 
or slightly convex. 
The caudal fin is deeply forked, the length of the 
middle rays (about 1 j 12 of the length of the body) be- 
ing scarcely half that of the lobes; but the lobes vary 
in form, being sometimes somewhat pointed, sometimes 
rounded. Here, as in the generality of the Cyprinoids, 
the caudal fin consists of 17 branched rays, one long, 
simple ray at each margin (above and below), and at 
the base of this ray a varying number of short sup- 
porting rays. 
The pectoral fins, which with their fleshy base are 
set low and obliquely, just behind the lower third of 
the gill-openings, are oval and obliquely rounded, the 
third branched ray being the longest. The entire length 
of the fins is about 16 or 17 % of the length of the 
body * * 6 , and the distance between the foremost points in 
the insertions of these fins and in those of the ventral 
fins (the length of the preabdominal region) measures 
in old Carp about 21 or 22 % of the length of the body. 
The ventral fins are of a more trapezoidal form, 
with rounded hind margin. They are also of different 
structure, the simple ray at the anterior margin being 
furnished at its base with a short, simple, supporting 
ray, which, though it is often difficult to distinguish, 
appears as a rule in the ventral fins of all the Cypri- 
noids. The length of these fins is generally greater in 
the males than in the females and varies in old Carp 
between about 16 and 14 % of that of the body. The 
distance between the foremost points in the insertions 
of these fins and in that of the anal tin measures about 
27 % of the length of the body. 
The covering of scales is subject in the Carp to 
the most singular variations. The whole body (except 
the head and fins) may be clothed with scales from the 
very occiput, where the boundary of the scales lies at 
a distance from the tip of the snout which is compa- 
ratively greater in young Carp than in old, measures 
about 83 — 79 % of the length of the head, and generally, 
even in old specimens, is about equal to the depth of 
the body at the occiput. Throughout their extent over 
the body the scales are rather large (see above, Lin. 
lat. and Lin. tr.), of a rounded quadrangular shape, 
and so closely imbricated that each scale covers nearly 
two-thirds of the adjoining scale behind it. The an- 
terior (covered) part of the scale is marked with extre- 
mely fine, numerous, concentric strife; but the radiating 
grooves are only slightly traced and irregular, and the 
anterior margin of the scale is only slightly and un- 
evenly indented. On the hind (exposed) part of the 
scale, however, both the concentric stria? and the ra- 
diating grooves are coarser, and the surface is here 
“ According to Canestrini’s measurements the length of the dorsal fin in a Carp 74 mm. long was only 27 % of that of the body 
(including the whole of the caudal fin), and its height 13'5 % of the same length. 
6 According to Canestrini’s measurements the length of the pectoral fins — which in general shows even relative increase with age — 
in Carp 74 — 354 mm. long (including the whole of the caudal fin) is 14 or 15 % of that of the body. 
