CRUCIAN CARP. 
735 
coloration. In its earliest youth, the duration of which 
may, however, be shortened by cultivation, the Goldfish 
wears its original colour. Traces thereof appear in our 
figure on the lips and the pectoral and ventral fins. 
In many parts of Southern and Central Europe 
the Goldfish has become completely naturalised. In 
Sweden there can hardly be any locality where the 
natural temperature is high enough fully, to satisfy the 
climatic requirements of the Goldfish; but in Denmark 
it is kept in ponds at several places, and even in Sw*e- 
den it can live and multiply in the open, as shown 
by an experiment made at Helsingborg. In 1888 five 
handsome Goldfish were put into a fountain in the Park 
of that town, and left to find their own support among 
the algm growing on the bottom of the basin, and 
among the insects they might capture at the surface 
of the water. Here they survived a severe winter, and 
seemed to thrive excellently, having gained both in 
weight and size by the following summer. They also 
considerable increased in number, the parent stock being 
now surrounded by a numerous progeny". 
The flesh of the Goldfish was tasted and com- 
mended long ago by Raster (1765). It is said to be 
excellent, whether boiled or fried, and superior to that 
of the Carp. The Goldfish of commerce yields most pro- 
fit, however, by its sale as stock for ornamental waters. 
THE CRUCIAN CARP (sw. rudan). 
CYPRINUS CARASSIUS. 
Plate XXX, figs. 2 and 3. 
Mouth without barbels. Preabdominal length more than 3 / 5 of the base of the dorsal fin. Length of the lower 
jaw less than 3 / 5 of the preabdominal length. 7 or 8 scales in an oblique transverse row between the lateral line 
and the anterior part of the base of the dorsal fin. Pharyngeal teeth set in one row , for the most part trans- 
versely compressed , with simple or one-grooved masticatory surface: 4 — 4. 
Fig. 182. 
Pharyngeal bones and pharyngeal cartilage of Cyprinus carassius. Nat. size. 
a, h , and c as in the preceding figure. 
3 4 3 i 
R. hr. 3 ; D. - — ; A. — — — ; P. — — 
16—19 6—7 13—16 
; V. 
7 — 9 ’ 
C. x + 1 + 17 + 1 + x: Lin. lat. (31)33 — 35; Lin. tr. 
1 ; Vert. 32. 
Syn. Karas (Karass) et Giblichen, Gesn. De Aquat., Paralip., p. 16; 
Cyprinus brevis , Schonev., Ichthyol. Slesv. Hols., p. 33: 
Cyprinus pinna dorsi ossiculorum viginti, linea laterali recta, 
Art., Ichthyol., Gen. Pise., p. 4; Syn. Pise., p. 5; Descr. 
Spec. Pise., p. 29; Lin. Fn. Suec., ed. I, p. 122 (pinna am 
err.); Cyprinus Hamburger dictus, Gronov., Act. Upsal. 1741, 
p. 75; Cyprinus, No. 4, Klein, Hist. Pise. Natur. Miss. V, 
p. 59, tab. XI, figg. 1 et 2. 
Cyprinus Carassius, Lin., Syst. Nat., ed. X, tom. I, p. 321; 
Penn., Brit. Zool. (ed. 1776), vol. Ill, p. 319; Bl ., Fisch. 
Deutschl., part. I, p. 69, tab. XI; Retz., Fn. Suec. Lin., p. 
355; Swartz, Sv. Zool., vol. I, tab. No. 10; Ekstr., Vet.- 
Akad. Handl. 1830, p. 192; Pall., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., tom. 
a See the Svenska Dagblad for the 22nd of August, 1889. 
Ill, p. 297; Nilss ., Prodr. Ichth. Scand., p. 32; Ekstr., 
Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1838, p. 213; Id., Skand. Fisk., ed. 1, 
p. 140, v. We., tab. 31 et 32; Yarr., Brit. Fish., ed. 2, vol. 
I, p. 355; Cuv., Val., Hist. A T at. Poiss ., vol. XVI, p. 82, 
tab. 459; Nilss., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 290; Blanch. ( Cy - 
prinopsis ) Poiss. d. eaucc donees Fr., p. 336; Lindstr. Gotl. 
L. Hush. Sallsk. Arsber. 1866, p. 16 (sep.); Mela Vert. 
Fenn., p. 317; tab. X; Lillj., ( Cyprinus ) Sv., Norg. Fn., 
Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 147. 
Cyprinus Gibelio, Bl., 1. c., p. 71, tab. XII; Ekstr. 1830, 
1. c., p. 196; Nilss., Prodr., p. 33: Yarr., 1. c., p. 358; 
Cuv., Val., 1. c., p. 90; Hckl., Kn. (Carassius') Siisswasserf. 
Oestr. Mon., p. 70; Coll., Forh. Vid. Selsk. Chrnia 1874; 
Tilliegsh., p. 180; Blanch. ( Cyprinopsis ) 1. c., p. 340; Norh. 
( Carassius ) Handl. Fiskev., Fiskafv., p. 417, tab. XLVIII, 
fig. 130. 
Carassius vulgaris , Nordm., Voy. Russ. Mer. (Demidoff), tom. 
Ill, p. 479; Kr., Damn. Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 294; Hckl. Kn., 
Scandinavian Fishes. 
93 
