736 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
1. c., p. 67; Dybowski, Vers. Monogr. Oypr. Livl., p. 41; 
Sieb. Siisswasserf. Mitteleur ., p. 98; Mgkn, Finl. Fiskfn. 
(disp. Helsingf. 1863), p. 37; Canestr., Arch. Zoo!., Anat., 
Fisio]., vol. IV, fasc. 1 (1866), p. 66; Gthr, Cat. Brit. 
Mus., Fish., vol. VII, p. 29; Feeders., Nat. Tidskr. Kbhvn, 
ser. 3, vol. XII, p. 82; Bncke, Fisch., Fischer., Fischz. 0., 
W. Preuss., p. 109; Mor., Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., tom. Ill, 
p. 374; Mob., Hcke, Fisch. Osts., p. 106; Day, Fish. Gt. 
Brit., Irel., vol. II, p. 164; Bncke, Hanclb. Fischz., Fischer. 
(M. v. d. Borne), p. 119. 
Oyprinus moles, Agass., Mem, Soc. Sc. Nat. Neuchat., tom. I 
(1836), p. 37. 
Oyprinus humilis + ( ?) C. buceplialus, IIckl, Ann. Wien., Mus. 
vol. II, pp. 156, 157, tali. 9, fig. 4. 
Oyprinus Linncei, Bp., Cat. Met. Pesc. Enr., p. 27; Malm 
( Carassius ) Gbgs, Boh. Fn., p. 556. 
Oyprinus oblongus, Hckl, Kn., Susswasserf. Oestr. Mon., p. 73. 
A: The Lake Crucian Carp ( Cyprinus carassius, auctt.) 
— Plate XXX, fig - . 2. 
The size of the Crucian Carp is very variable, being 
influenced by the water in which the fish lives, and by 
the supply of food. Most specimens are small, but 
sometimes the species attains a length of 4 dm. or 
more. The largest specimen Ekstrom saw measured 
35 cm. to the base of the caudal fin, i. e. 42 cm. to 
the end of the caudal lobes. Lill.teborg mentions se- 
veral specimens 45 cm. long from Upland, and he once 
saw a still larger Crucian Carp, which was taken in 
Lake Hedervik (Upland) and weighed nearly 3V 2 kgm. 
The body is rather thick, but compressed and very 
deep, the greatest depth", which coincides with the 
perpendicular from the beginning of the dorsal fin to 
the bases of the ventral fins, measuring half the length 
of the body to the base of the caudal fin or even to 
a- point half-way along the said fin. The greatest thick- 
ness, which lies almost in the same perpendicular, mea- 
sures more than 1 / 3 (about V 5 ) of the greatest depth. 
'Fhe back is broad and convex at the occiput, gradually 
decreasing in breadth towards the dorsal fin, at the 
base of which it is strongly compressed and thin. From 
the end of the dorsal fin to the caudal fin the back 
resumes its broad, convex shape. Forming a more or 
less obtuse angle at the beginning of the dorsal fin, 
the entire dorsal profile runs in a high arch to the end 
of the said fin, where a depression begins and extends 
to the caudal fin. The belly is flat in front of the 
ventral fins, between these fins and the anal fin con- 
vex, with a low carina along the median line. The 
curve of the ventral profile, less marked than that of 
the dorsal, is regular to the beginning of the anal fin, 
from which point it rises more abruptly to the peduncle 
of the tail. This finless part of the tail is deep 6 and 
very short, the distance between the anal and caudal 
fins measuring half the depth of the tail at the ter- 
mination of the former fin. 
The head, which is not very large, occupies in 
adult specimens about 22 % of the length of the body, 
or rather more than 1 / i of the length to the base of 
the caudal fin, while in young specimens its relative 
length is somewhat greater. The breadth measured 
across the gill-covers is about equal in adult specimens 
to the distance from the tip of the snout to the hind 
margin of the preoperculum, in young specimens to 
that of the orbit. The forehead is broad and convex, 
its breadth at the middle of the eyes measuring in 
adult specimens about 38 — 41 % of the length of the 
head. The profile is straight from the snout to the 
occiput, where a slight break generally interrupts its 
continuity. The snout is blunt. Its length in adult 
specimens is about 1 / 3 of that of the head. It projects 
slightly in front of the mouth, which is small, pro- 
trusile, and turned slightly upwards. The lips of young 
specimens are fairly thick, especially the underlip; but 
in old specimens they shrink, and sometimes leave the 
sharp inferior edge of the intermaxillary bones to form 
the very margin of the upper jaw. The upper jaw 
projects somewhat, though only slightly, beyond the 
lower; but the length of the latter is generally some- 
what greater than that of either the snout or the oper- 
culum. The eyes are circular and middle-sized, being 
comparatively larger as usual during youth, and vary- 
ing in longitudinal diameter between about 70 and 40 
% of the breadth of the interorbital space. They are 
set so high that an horizontal line drawn from the 
middle of the margin of the upper jaw touches the 
lower edge of the iris or of the pupil. The nostrils 
resemble those of the Carp; but the two anterior nostrils 
lie at a somewhat greater distance from each other than 
from the tip of the snout. The operculum is flat, 
’without any marked convexity, and rendered rough to 
the touch by rows of tubercles radiating towards the 
inferior margin. Its upper margin is united by the 
skin to the side of the body. In this species also the 
a About 41 — 43 % of the length of the body to the end of the middle caudal margin. 
0 Least depth of the tail about 13 / of the length of the body. 
