CRUCIAN CARP. 
741 
the ice. How great sufferings it is capable of enduring, 
may be gathered from Ekstrom’s account of a specimen 
described in his “ Morhofiskar" . “This specimen was pro- 
cured from the island-belt, where it had been kept 
several days in a cauf. About five o’clock in the mor- 
ning it was taken out of the cauf and carried to the 
rectory. It was then laid on a gutting-board and left 
there during the whole time occupied in describing and 
drawing it. About six o’clock p. m., when the fish had 
been out of the water quite thirteen hours, it was cut 
in two close to the beginning of the dorsal tin. The 
heart, liver, etc. were removed, and the surface of 
section was drawn. When all this was finished, and 
the pieces were to lie thrown away, the forepart of the 
fish still showed signs of life, the gill-covers being 
opened and closed, and the mouth protruded and drawn 
back. I left the pieces where they lay, in order to 
observe how soon all manifestations of life would cease. 
Not until nine o’clock in the evening had all signs of 
vitality disappeared. The fish had thus lived sixteen 
hours without water, three hours cut in two and with- 
out heart.” 
Of the age attained by the Crucian Carp E inn a-: us 
tells us ( Skanska JResan, p. 256) that a Crucian Carp 
had lived “certainly more than 70 years” in a spring 
at Ma in the parish of Svenskop. During all this time 
it had not grown to a greater length than 6 in. (15 
cm.), and the colour of the back was very dark. “The 
meagre water of the spring had probably denied it a 
sufficiency of food.” 
The Crucian Carp is taken chiefly in traps (see 
above, p. 33, fig. 7), during the spawning-season in 
gill-nets, and often in trammel-nets''. In the last case 
the water should be thick, for otherwise the fish seldom 
suffers itself to lie driven into the net, but buries it- 
self in the mud. (Ekstrom, Smitt.) 
a Fr. tramail (trots mailles'), Svv. skottnat, skotnot, or pul snot. In this fishery, which is generally employed for the Cyprinoids, and 
which is unfortunately very destructive if practised during the spawniug-season, the necessary tackle comprises, besides the coble, the net 
itself (fig. 183), the ‘shoes’ (Sw. kabbarne , fig. 184), a pole, and a ‘beater’ (Sw. puls, fork, or terfvel , fig. 185). The depth of the net is 
between 12 and 16 dm., the length 14 — 16 metres if the net is to be managed by one man, but much greater when there are two fisher- 
men. Besides the net itself (the inner net — fig. 183, G), which resembles an ordinary gill-net, and is made of very fine twine, the size 
of the meshes depending on the kind of the fish for which the net is to be used, the trammel should consist of an outer net (Sw. grimma ) 
with very large meshes, and made of coarse and strong twine. The outer net should be equal in length to the inner net, if it is to extend 
along only one side of the trammel, or twice as long, if, as is usually the case, it is to cover both sides (fig. 183, E and F). When 
