770 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
Syn. Squalo Venet. et Rom., Cavedano Milan., Belon, Nat., Divers. 
Poiss., p. 315. Cephalus ftuviatilis , Rond., De Pise., part. 
2, p. 190 Uapito sive Cephalus , Willughb., Hist. Pise., 
p. 255; Cyprinus oblongus macrolepidotus, pinna ani ossicu- 
lorum nndecim, Akt., Ichthyol. , Gen. Pise., p. 5; Syn. Pise., 
p. 7 ; + (?) Cyprinus Albo italis dictus, Syn., p. 13. Naddi 
(err. pro Nadd-icl.), Lin., Act. Soc. Ups. 1744 — 50, p. 35, 
tab. III. 
Cyprinus Cephalus, Lin. (p. p., nec. Cyprinus cylindricus, Mus. 
Ad. Fred.), Syst,. Nat., ed. X, tom. I, p. 322; Flmng ( Leu - 
ciseus). Brit. Anim., p. 187 ; Ekstr., v. We. (Cyprinus), 
Skand. Fisk., ed. I, p. 67, tab. XIII; Ivr. (Leuciscus), Damn. 
Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 482; Dybowski ( Squalius ), Cypr. Livl., 
p. 119; Sieb., Siisswasserf. Mitteleur., p. 200; Mgrn, Finl. 
Fisk., p. 46; Steind., Stzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. 
Naturvv. Cl. LIV, i (1866), p. 262; Blanch, Poiss. d. eaux 
donees Fr., p. 392 (+ Squ. meridionalis , p. 396, + Squ. 
clathratus, p. 398); Gthr ( Leuciscus ), Cat. Brit. Mus., Fish., 
vol VII, p. 220; Coll., Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1874, 
Tillsegsh., p. 181; Malm, Gbgs , Boh. Fn., p. 561; Mor. 
(Squalius), Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., tom. Ill, p. 422; Bncke, 
Fisch., Fischer., Fischz. O ., W. Preuss ., p. 137; Fatio, Fn. 
Vert. Suisse, vol. IV, p. 557; Mela (Leuciscus), Vert. Fenn ., 
p. 325, tab. X; Apostol. (Squalius), Pech. Gr., p. 31; Day 
(Leuciscus), Fish. Gt. Brit., Irel., vol. II, p. 178, tab. 
CXXXII, tig. 1; M6b., Hoke, Fisch. Osts. p. 110; Grimm 
(Squalius), Fish., Hunt Russ. Wat., p. 14. 
Cyprinus Idus, Bl. (syn. err.), Fisch. Deutsclil., part. I, p. 
253. tab. XXXVI. 
Cyprinus Dobula, Retz. (syn. err.), Fn. Suec. Lin., p. 356; 
Cuv. (syn. err.), Reyn. Anim., ed. 1, tom. II, p. 195; Nilss., 
Prodr. Ichtli. Scand ., p. 26; Agass. ( Leuciscus ), Mem. Soc. 
Sc. Nat. Neuch., tom. I, p. 38; Cuv., Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 
tom. XVII, p. 172 (+ Leuc. Albiensis , p. 194 4- Leuc. fri- 
gidus, p. 234); Ivr., Damn. Fislc., vol. Ill, p. 463; Hckl 
(Squalius), Stzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturw. Cl. IX 
(1852), p. 80, tab. VIII; Hckl, Kn., Siisswasserf. Oestr. 
Mon., p. 180 (+ Squ. svalliza , p. 197 + Squ. albus, p. 
198, vide Canestrini). 
Cyprinus Jeses, Donov. (syn. err.), Brit. Fish., tab. CXV ; 
Jur. (excl. syn.) Mem. Soc. Pliys., Hist. Nat. Geneve, tom. 
Ill, part. I, p. 207, tab. XI. 
Leuciscus cavedanus + L. tiberinus (= L. squalius, Val.) 
+ L. Pareti + (?) L. albus, Bonap., Iconogr. Fn. Ital., part. 
Ill (Pesci), tab. 112 et 113; vide Canestrini, Arch. Zool., 
Anat., Fisiol., vol. IV (1866), p. 103, et Fatio, 1. c. 
Leuciscus latifrons, Nilss., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 309; Widegr. 
(Cyprinus), Landtbr. Akad. Tidskr. 1863, pp. 202 et 208; 
Lillj. (Leuciscus), So., Norg. Fn., Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 223. 
Leuciscus cii, Richards., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 375. 
The Chub probably attains the same size as the 
Ide, and in Sweden seems to be the largest Leuciscine, 
though we do not possess such statements of its extra- 
ordinary size as those given in the description of the 
preceding species. Ekstrom’s largest specimen was 5 1 / 2 
dm. long. Most Chub taken during the spawning- 
season are of the same length as the Ide 3 or 4 dm., 
and weigh about .3 — 3 V 5 kgm." 
The body is shallow and thicker than that of the 
Ide, and the back broader and more convex, sometimes 
with a slight depression in the median line near the 
occiput. The greatest depth of the body is at most 
about 26 % of its length, and the greatest thickness in 
adult specimens is distinctly more than half the depth, 
sometimes 60 % thereof. The least depth of the body 
measures in young Chub about 9 %, in old about 10 
■ — 107* % °f its length. Seen in profile, the dorsal 
margin rises slowly (in old specimens in a scarcely 
perceptible curve) from the occiput to the beginning of 
the dorsal fin, where the body is deepest, and then 
slopes towards the caudal fin nearly in a straight line. 
The ventral profile forms a slight curve, almost with- 
out a break, from the chin to the vent. 
The head, compared with the body, is somewhat 
longer than in an Ide of the same size, varying in Chub 
16- — -42 cm. long between about 26 and 22 % of the 
length of the body. Above it is flat, with eyes com- 
paratively wide apart, for the breadth of the interorbital 
space, compared with the length of the head, is indeed 
about equal to the corresponding measurement in the 
Ide, but compared, for example, with the base of the 
dorsal fin, distinctly greater, being as a rule greater 
than the length of this base, or at least more than 90 
% thereof. The great breadth of the forehead is highly 
characteristic of the Chub at all ages, and in some 
localities has gained for this species the name of I)ick- 
Kopf. The frontal line is almost straight, slightly 
steeper in its anterior part; and the snout is shallower 
(more pointed when seen from the sides) than in the 
Ide. The sides of the head are flattened and slope to- 
wards the snout, which, seen from above, is broad and 
more or less obtuse, but generally rather more pointed 
than in the Ide. In the other structural features of the 
head the Chub almost exactly resembles the Ide; but 
the mouth is somewhat larger, as may most readily be 
shown by a, comparison of the length of the lower jaw 
with the suture between the operculum and suboper- 
culum. The length of the latter is in the Ide at least 
90 % (100 — 91 %, according to our measurements) of 
that of the lower jaw, but in the Chub at most 90 % 
“ According to Duhamel (Traite des Peches, pt. II, p. 502) the Chub attains in the Moselle a weight of 10 — 12 lbs.; in the lakes of 
Upper Austria, according to Heckel, it sometimes weighs 8 or 9 lbs. Nordmann (Demid. Voy. Russ, mer., p. 484) describes an Abkhasian 
variety (?) of this species that attains a length of 9 1 /., dm. 
