772 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
gill-opening the margin of the clavicle is clyed almost 
black, though this dark stripe is generally concealed by 
the broad rim of the branchiostegal membrane. The 
top of the head is dark olive brown, its sides and under 
surface have a silvery lustre, shading into yellow with 
a play of various colours. The iris is light yellow, 
below silvery, above marked with a dark band. The 
pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins are nearly plain olive 
brown; the ventral and anal fins, on the other hand, 
of a beautiful, bright red colour, both with yellowish 
base, and the latter fin with rose-coloured rays. The 
coloration of the fins is, however, subject to variation. 
Our figure is coloured from a specimen taken shortly 
before the spawning-season. Younger Chub are paler 
in hue, with the inferior fins light and colourless. 
In Scandinavia the range of the Chub is confined 
to the south of Sweden and the south-east of Norway. 
In Denmark the Chub has not been found. In Finland 
too it is a southern species, common, according to Mela, 
only to the extreme south. It is one of the rarest 
Scandinavian Cyprinoids, and in contradistinction to 
most of them, it is taken only in small numbers and 
never in any quantity, even during the spawning-season. 
Retzics knew that it occurred in the Nissa, a stream 
in Smaland, where it was called Bjelke. Towards the 
mouth of this stream, near Halmstad, in Halland, it is 
often hooked, in company with the Ide, and is here 
known as harnacka. It bears the same name, according 
to Lloyd 0 , at Falkenberg on the Atra. To Ekstrom 
it was known from only three localities in Sweden, 
namely, Norrkoping River, where the fishermen called 
it Farna, the River Gotha off Gothenburg, where it 
was entitled Dick-kopp, and Lake Hjelmar, with its af- 
fluent the Stor river, where the name of the species 
was Arannaren. But he remarked that its occurrence 
in waters so far apart showed that these could not be 
its only haunts in Sweden. It has subsequently been 
found by Schagerstrom and others, according to Lillje- 
borg, in the Helge in Scania; by Malm and others at 
a few places in Wester Gothland and Bohuslan, e. g. 
in Lake Stenstorp 20 miles east of Gothenburg, and in 
the Orekil at Krokstad and Qvistrum, where it is called 
Abuk; by Lloyd and others in the south part of Lake 
Wener; and by Hardin and Widegren in the north of 
Lake Wener and in the Klar Elf. In Norway, accord - 
a Scandinav . Adventures , I, p. 64. 
b Handb . Fiscliz , und Ftscherei (Max v. d. Borne), p. 134. 
ing to Collett, the occurrence of the Chub is confined 
to Lake Mjosen, the south part of the Glommen with 
its tributaries, and the brackish water at the mouth 
of the Tistedal Elf off Fredrikshald. In Central and 
Southern Europe, on the other hand, the range of the 
Chub is very extensive, and in England, Scotland, and 
the countries bordering on the Mediterranean this spe- 
cies replaces the Ide. According to Grimm the Chub 
occurs throughout Russia-in-Europe, with the exception 
of Transcaucasia. Richardson described it ( Leuciscus 
Cii ) from Anatolia in Asia Minor. In mountainous 
regions, according to Benecke 6 , it ascends the rivers 
and brooks to a height of about 1,000 m. above the 
level of the sea. 
In all these southern countries the Chub has long 
been better known than in Sweden. It has the repu- 
tation of a strong, but timid swimmer, eagerly hiding 
in the shade of any object or behind a stone, and is 
accused of comparatively great voracity, not only snap- 
ping up insects at the surface or such fruit as may 
fall into the water, but also preying on small fishes, 
frogs, and water-shrews. It possesses great cunning, 
and will not bite readily, if the line be visible. From 
its habit of frequenting the eddies below mill-wheels, 
it has received in France the name of Meunier (miller). 
According to information supplied to Ekstrom by Mr. 
Lenning and Dr. Hanssen of Norrkoping and Mr. 
Hamnstrom of Orebro, the Chub lives in Sweden during 
the greater part of the year in lakes and extensive 
pieces of water, but keeps to comparatively shallow 
places, where the bottom consists of mud or weeds. In 
the month of May it begins to ascend the river at 
Norrkoping, and being a powerful swimmer, is met 
with where the current is strongest, endeavouring with 
all its might to stem the stream. About the end of 
June — in more southern countries in May or even 
April — the spawning-season begins, as shown by the 
presence, in specimens caught in the middle of June, 
of roe and milt ready to be deposited. But here as in 
the case of the other Cyprinoids, this season varies, no 
doubt, according to the state of the weather; and Malm 
quotes a statement to the effect that in the River Gotha 
the Chub spawns at the end of April. The fish as- 
semble in large shoals, according to Fatio, with tu- 
multuous uproar, not far from land and by preference 
