820 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
Length of the body from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal fin, ex- 
pressed in millimetres 
Distance between the dorsal fin and the tip of the snout in % of the above length of the body 
„ ,, „ ventral fins „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ,, ,, „ 
„ „ „ anal fin „ ,, „ „ „ „ „ „ ,, „ „ ,, „ „ ,, 
Royal Museum specimens 
Abramis brama. 
of 
Artedi’s 
Royal Museum 
Abramis 
specimens 
ballerus. 
of 
I slat) (1-belt of Stock- 
holm, Sept., 1890. 
Island-belt of Stock- 
holm, Sept., 1891. 
Tsland-belt of Stock- 
holm, Sept., 1890. 
Lake Oppmanna, 
Sept.., 1882. 
tr 
zr pr 
n rs 
r o 
GO c 
cc 5 
a 
B 
'ZX 
1 r 
cr. b 
CC P 
LO 
Average 
in the 
preceding 
six 
specimens. 
S 
rs 
S 
Average 
in the 
following 
four 
specimens. 
CH C/2 
~Loq’ 
S' 
i— - 1 ^ 
CX 
cy 
o 
a 
a> 
M- 
CX 
cr. 
Sigtuua (Millar) 
July 11, 1831. 
ZX 
> b 
^ aq 
2. B 
| — 1 
cr. ^ 
cr. ~ 
H_L 2^ 
152 
166 
169 
180 
391 
424 
247 
330 
216 
189 
92 
199 
203 
263 
63.4 
59.4 
60. o 
59.4 
63.0 
63.o 
6 1 . 4 ( > 59) 
60.0(59.5) 
54.3(54.0) 
52.9( < 55) 
53.2 
52.8 
52.2 
53.2 
46.7 
48.2 
47.9 
51.7 
46.5 
47.o 
48.o(>46) 
48.7(48.5) 
42.8(42.3) 
40.9( < 43) 
42.9 
40.4 
39.9 
40.3 
b4.5 
65.5 
66.2 
65.8 
66.7 
67.9 
6 G.i( 64) 
67.5(67.2) 
60.0(59.7) 
57.o(<61) 
59.8 
56.8 
57.i 
58.i 
No further evidence seems necessary to show that Artedi’s and 
Linnaeus’s Fareri and Braxnaflicka ( Blicka , which they erroneously 
identified with Rondelet’s Ballerus ) and Linnaeus’s (not Artedi’s) 
Bjorkna , all belong to the same species. The specific name of fare- 
nus has consequently as great claims to recognition as ballerus , and 
has the advantage, as compared with the latter, of not being based 
on a false explanation of names already in use. 
The ordinary length of the ‘Zope’ is between 20 
and 25 ein., but may rise, according to Lilljeborg, to 
45 cm., including the whole caudal fin. 
The body is strongly compressed and deep, but 
more elongated than that of the Bream, the greatest 
depth, which occurs at the beginning of the dorsal fin, 
being about 29 % (27 ’/, — 31 %) of the length of the 
body, measured to the end of the middle caudal rays. 
The greatest thickness, which lies as a rule across the 
opercula, is less than 1 / 3 of the greatest depth, and at 
most half of the length of the head. The least depth 
of the tail is about 8 1 /, — 8 % of the length of the body. 
The back, which has only a faint break at the occiput, 
then forms a regular curve to the beginning of the dor- 
sal fin, where it makes a very obtuse angle, and from 
this point slopes almost in a straight line to the base 
of the caudal fin. It is moderately compressed, with 
a faint, convex, longitudinal ridge, especially near the 
dorsal fin. The part between the dorsal and caudal fins 
is somewhat plumper. The belly is of a broad convex 
shape or flat from the isthmus to the ventral fins, from 
this point to the vent sharply carinated (with the very 
edge, as in the other true Abramidines, naked, i. e. 
not covered, although concealed, by the scales at its 
sides), and then very strongly compressed and thin 
throughout the length of the base of the anal fin. The 
ventral profile forms an unbroken curve from the chin 
to the anal aperture, then runs in a straight line to 
the end of the anal fin,_ and finally bends slightly in- 
wards to the base of the caudal fin. 
The head, the length of which is about 20 — 19 % 
of that of the body, is comparatively smaller than in 
the preceding Abramidines. It is pointed, but the snout 
is thick and blunt, and does not project beyond the 
tip of the lower jaw. The forehead is broad and con- 
vex, with straight frontal line and a slight slope from 
the nostrils to the tip of the snout. The breadth of 
the interorbital space measures about 2 /s (39 — a little 
more than 40 %) of the length of the head. The sides 
of the head are so compressed that its greatest thick- 
ness is equal to the perpendicular drawn through the 
anterior orbital margin. The mouth is not large, but 
turned sharply upwards and protruded, when the mouth 
is opened, in a tubular form. The anterior margin of 
the upper jaw is somewhat less prominent than that of 
the lower, and the length of the upper jaw from the 
tip of the snout to the hind extremity of the maxil- 
laries is in young specimens somewhat greater than 
that of the snout to the anterior margin of the eyes, 
in old equal to, or somewhat less than, the latter, and 
measures about 28 — 29 % of the length of the head. 
The lower jaw is valvular in shape, contracted at the 
base, expanded in front; it points upwards, and is ar- 
ticulated in the perpendicular from the anterior margin 
of the eyes. Its length is as a rule equal to the breadth 
of the interorbital space. The eyes are rather large, 
their longitudinal diameter varying in specimens 10 — 
29 cm. long between about 32 and 26 ‘/ 2 % of the length 
of the head. They are set fairly low, the upper mar- 
gin of the pupil (sometimes of the iris) being touched 
by the line joining the margin of the upper jaw at the 
tip of the snout to the middle of the tail at the base 
of the caudal fin. The postorbital length of the head 
measures in young specimens somewhat less than half 
its entire length; in old specimens these two measure- 
ments are equal to each other, and the postorbital part 
