SALMONS AND CHARRS. 
841 
straight back to the vent; and in the posterior part of 
the intestine or the rectum, which is usually somewhat 
wider than the anterior part thereof, the mucous mem- 
brane is raised on the inner surface, at least in old 
specimens, in the shape of transverse rings, here and 
there united like the thread of a screw, instead of the 
longitudinal folds which it forms in the anterior part 
of the intestinal canal from the oesophagus. The liver 
is almost one-lobed, the right lobe being extremely 
little developed. The place of the latter is occupied 
by a rather large gall-bladder, the discharging duct of 
which opens into the duodenum at the beginning of 
the pyloric appendages. Before the spawning the spleen 
is rather large and sometimes extends from the bottom 
of the stomach beyond the insertions of the ventral fins; 
but after the maturation of the generative organs it 
shrinks considerably, and does not begin again to in- 
crease, until its functions are laid under contribution 
at the commencement of the above-mentioned trans- 
formation of fat and flesh into material for the deve- 
lopment of the sexual organs (cf. Miesci-ier-Ruesch, 
1. c.). The ovaries, as mentioned above, show the pe- 
culiarity that they are without special oviducts, the ripe 
eggs falling into the abdominal cavity, whence the)' are 
expressed through the genital aperture behind the vent. 
The testes, on the contrary, are furnished as usual 
with vasa deferentia. The air-bladder, which is simple 
and long, extends throughout the length of the ab- 
dominal cavity, and the pneumatic duct opens on the 
dorsal side of the oesophagus. Still more elongated are 
the kidneys, which penetrate behind into the hamial 
canal of the tail. 
The ancient Greeks have not bequeathed to us any 
name for the Salmon, which does not occur as a ma- 
rine form in Mediterranean regions; but according to 
Apostolides" the Trout inhabits most of the rivers in 
Greece, and bears among the modern Greeks the name 
of 7iioTQO(f>a b . 8almo c is of classical Latin origin and 
occurs in Pliny L Among the fishes of the Moselle 
Ausonius enumerates Salar (the Parr), Saimo , and 
“the form that ranks between them”, Fario e (the Trout). 
Such is the explanation given by Figulus (1540) of 
these names. Trutta belongs to mediaeval Latin 7 . Umbla 
is a Latinized form of the French Ombre or JJmble. 
Salvelinus has arisen in the same manner from the 
German Salmling or Sdlbling. 
THE CHARR (sw. rodingen). 
SALMO UMBLA. 
Plate XXXVII, fig. 1 (c/ 1 ) and 2 ($). 
Scales exceedingly small, their number in a longitudinal row above the lateral line just in front of the perpendi- 
cular from the beginning of the dorsal fin and extending along Vio °f the length of the body at least 25 (as a 
rule 27 — 3d 9 ), and in a row of similar length above the lateral line behind the perpendicular from the beginning 
of the anal fin at least 21 (as a rule 23 — 30, sometimes 33). Sides of the body marked with more or less 
distinct and light, red spots on the darker ground-colour , but no black spots behind the head. 
R. hr. (9)10-12(13—14); D. 
3—4 
8 — 10 ( 11 — 12 ) 
; A. 
3—4 
7—9(10)’ 
P. 
1 
V. 
1 ( 2 ) 
11 — 14 7—8(9) 
ca 190—240; Vert. 62— 63 1 . 
; C. oe + 1 + 17 + 1+ *; Ser. squ. lat,. 1 
Syn. Timbre et Umble , Belon, Nat., Div. Poiss ., pp. 280 et 281; 
Saimo Lemani lacus sive Umbla, Rondel., Pise. Lacustr., 
p. 160. Saimo lineis lateralibus sursum recurvis, cauda 
bifurca, Art., Ichthyol., Gen., p. 18; Syn.. p. 25; Saimo 
vix pedalis, pinnis ventris rubris, maxilla inferiore paullo 
a La Peclie en Grece, p. 33. 
b TCeTQO(pa(l) — phps. answering to the Scand. stenbit and ror, which denote the preference of the Trout and Charr for stony bottoms. 
c From salire, to leap. 
d Hist. Nat., lib. IX, cap. 18. 
e Another, perhaps better reading is Sario, a derivative from the “same root as salar and saimo. 
■ Derived from the Latin trudere , to thrust, force; a fish which forces its way against the stream. 
g 18 — 20 scales on an extent answering to I / 4 of the length of the head, as Nilsson expresses this character: 16 — 20, according 
to Lilljeborg. 
h Counted above the lateral line; in the lateral line itself about 125 — 145 (Day). 
* Sometimes 65, according to Fatio, sometimes 59 (in the Windermere Charr), according to Day, or 58 (in var. fluviatilis ), accord- 
