876 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
THE CAPELIN (sw. loddan). 
MALLOTUS VILLOSUS. 
Plate XLI, figs. 2 {(p) and 3 (9). 
Milters and spawners widely different , the former with the length of the pectoral fins more than 15 % of that 
of the body , with the anal base , which is elevated in an arcuate curve beyond the ventral line , more than 16 % 
of the length of the body and perceptibly greater than the length of the head reduced , and also with the scales 
in a longitudinal row above the lateral line and in another along each side of the belly prolongated and pointed 
or at least distinctly larger than the scales on the rest of the body. 
B. to. 8 — 10"; D. A. ; 
10—13 (16)17—20' 15-19(20) 
1 jg 20 
V. ; 0. x + 1 + 17 + 1 4- x; L. lat. ca 200; L. tr. ca - 
7 14 -16 
supra pinn. ventr. ; Vert. 67 — 70 J . 
Syn. Anchovas et Capelinas , Parkhurst in Hakluyts Voyages 1598 
— 1600, vol. Ill, p. 133; Egede, Gronl. N. Perlustr., p. 
50; StrSm, Sondm. Beskriv., part. I, p. 293; Leem, 
Beskr. Finm. Lapp., p. 323; Olafs., Reis. Isl., part. I, 
p. 358, tab. XXVIII. Angmarset, Cranz, Hist. Gronl. 
(ed. suec. 1769), part. I, p. 124. Capelan de VAmerique 
septentrionale, Duh., Peches, part. II, p. 149, tab. XXVI, 
figg. 1—8. 
Sahno Eperlanus, Mull., Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 48 (ex Str5m). 
Clupea villosa, Mull., ibid., p. 50 (ex Olafs.); Vahl, Rathke 
{Salmo) in MOll., Zool. Dan., part. IV, p. 45, tab. CLX; 
Faber, Fisoh. Isl., p. 174; Richards. [ Sahno {Mallotus) ex 
Ccv.] Fna Bor. Amer., part. Ill, p. 187; Gaim. {Mallotus), 
Voy. Isl., Groenl., tab. 18, fig. 1 ; Cuv., Val., Hist. Nat. 
Poiss., vol. XXI, p. 392, tab. 622 et 623; Mgrn, Finl. 
Fiskfna (disp. Helsingf.), p. 66; Gthr. Cat. Brit. Mus., Fish., 
vol. VI, p. 170; Coll., Forli. Vid. Selsk. Chrnia 1874, Til- 
lsegsh., p. 163; ibid. 1879, No. 1, p. 86; N. Mag. Naturv. 
Chrnia, Bd. 29 (1884), p. 106; Mela, Vert. Fenn., p. 345, 
tab. X; Joed., Gilb., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, p. 
291; Storm, Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., Trondhj. 1883, p. 28; 
Br. Goode, Fischer., Fischer. -Industr. U. S., sect. I, p. 544, 
tab. 201; Smitt, Riksm. Salmonid., p. 189; Lillj., Sv., 
Norg. Fna, Fisk., vol. II, p. 646. 
Sahno arcticus, Fabr., Fn. Gronl., p. 177; Nilss. {Osmerus), 
Prodr. Ichthyol. Stand., p. 11; Kr. {Mallotus) in Gaim., 
Voy. Scand., Lappon., cett., tab. 16, fig. 1; Id., Damn. 
Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 23; Nilss. {Osmerus), Skand. Fna, Fisk., 
p. 441. 
Sahno groenlandicus, Bl., Naturg. Ausland. Fisch., pt. VIII, 
p. 99, tab. CCCLXXXI, fig. 1 ; Cuv. {Mallotus), R'egne 
Anim., ed. 2, tom. II, p. 306. 
Salmo socialis, Pall., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., torn. Ill, p. 389, 
Osmerus microdon , Cuv., Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. XXI. 
p. 385, tab. 621. 
The male Capelin is as a rule not more than 19 
cm. in length to the end of the caudal lobes, and the 
female not more than 17 cm.; but Lilljeborg mentions 
males of a length of 22 cm., and females of a length 
of 18 cm. According to the method in which our 
measurements are here taken, from the articular knobs 
of the maxillaries to the end of the middle caudal 
rays, the length of the body in our specimens does 
not exceed 17V 2 cm. for the males or 16 cm. for -the 
females. 
The great difference between the sexes, which is 
so characteristic of the genus that we have included it 
in the above diagnosis — no other character is neces- 
sary, only one species of the genus being known — 
appears in the very form of the body. The Capelin is 
elongated and, in contradistinction to the Smelt, as a 
rule of more uniform depth and more compressed. In 
the adult males we have found the greatest depth, at 
the beginning of the dorsal tin, to vary between about 
14 and 15 % of the length of the body, and the great- 
est thickness, which is fairly uniform above the lateral 
line from the shoulder-girdle to the end of the true 
dorsal fin, between 7 J / 2 and S 1 / i % of the same. In 
the adult females the corresponding percentages have 
varied from 11 to 1 3 and from 5 to 8 respectively. 
In the males the Greatest thickness has varied between 
53 and 60 %, in the females between 43 and 62 %, of 
the greatest depth. The least depth of the body shows 
on an average the same sexual difference, being in the 
females about 5 %, in the males about 57 s % of the 
length of the body. The dorsal edge is broadly con- 
vex, and the dorsal profile almost straight from the 
very occiput * 6 , not beginning to descend towards the 
base of the caudal fin until past the dorsal fin proper. 
Below the lateral line the sides gradually converge 
8 Sometimes up to 11, according to Kr0YER. 
6 Sometimes 65, according to Krgyer. 
c In all our fresh, but dead specimens there appeared in the median line of the back, just behind the head, a compressed swelling, 
due to a callosity of the central sinew in the musculus gracilis, where the latter broadens towards its point of attachment on the occiput. 
