GRAYLING. 
887 
to about a line with the anterior extremity of the pel- 
vic bones, where it bends abruptly forward, so that the 
end of the pylorus lies in about a line with the ter- 
mination of the first third of the pectoral fins when at 
rest. The anterior bend of the intestine with its nume- 
rous pyloric appendages runs upwards and slightly to 
the right, but turns with equal abruptness just behind 
the diaphragm, whence the intestine proceeds without 
further curvature to the vent. Almost exactly in a line 
with the insertions of the ventral tins, the intestine 
passes into the rectum, which is lined, as in the Sal- 
mons, with large, annular, transverse folds. The liver 
is comparatively small, and lies only in the left side of 
the body. It extends back hardly to a line with the 
tips of the pectoral tins when folded. The spleen lies 
obliquely to the right of the stomachic bend and behind 
this point, directed towards the left. Its size varies, as 
in the Salmons, according to the greater or less deve- 
lopment of the generative organs". The air-bladder is 
thin-walled, but large, extending along the whole dor- 
sal margin of the abdominal cavity. 
The Grayling is strictly a mountain fish, and pre- 
fers clear, rapid streams and their dead water, with a 
bottom of sand or gravel. The best place to look for 
it is, therefore, in waters where falls alternate with 
deep pools or broads. But it also roves into lakes, and 
is found even in the sea, where the water is brackish 
and of a temperature suited to its requirements. As a 
general rule we may say that, where the common Trout 
can thrive, the Grayling is also at home; but they are 
seldom met with in company. The geographical range 
of the Grayling also embraces the greater part of Europe. 
Whether it occurs in Asia, and how far its range ex- 
tends there, is as yet uncertain, for the Graylings brought 
home from the Yenisei by Nordenskiold’s expedition 
in 1876, proved to belong to the closely related species 
which Pallas once named Salmo arcticus , and which is 
probably identical with the North American Grayling. 
In Europe the Grayling is most plentiful in Lap- 
land, the alpine tracts of Central Europe, and England. 
According to Lvestadius’ manuscript (1831) it is fairly 
common in all the rivers and lakes of Tornea Lapp- 
mark, up to the extreme north of Sweden (Kilpisjarvi, 
69° N.). According to Fjellner (MS in the Royal Mu- 
seum) it is plentiful in Juckasjarvi. It seems to occur 
more sparingly in the lower parts of the Lapland rivers. 
In Jemtland, according to Olsson, it goes up to the 
Norwegian frontier. In Lake Fla and in Stroms Vattuclal 
it is an important food-fish. The Harr Lakes (harr = 
Grayling) on the Fulafjall in Northern Dalecarlia derive 
their name from its abundance in their waters; and 
throughout the Dal Elf it is fairly common. It also 
occurs in the Klar Elf, most plentifully in its upper 
(northern) parts and in the lakes on its course. Accord- 
ing to IIogberg’s notes in 1835 (MS in the Royal Mu- 
seum), a certain form is here known as Sandharr, which 
appears to be a small Grayling about 22 cm. long. 
According to Norback a distinction is drawn between 
the Flodharr (River Grayling), which is short and thick, 
with convex back and of dark coloration, and which 
prefers comparatively still water, and the Stromharr 
(Stream Grayling), which is longer and more slender, of 
more slender frame and lighter coloration, and which 
frequents falls and the water beside them. Widegren as- 
signs the Grayling to Lake Wener. From Lake Wetter 
the Royal Museum received this fish through Hall in 
1832, and Arosenius forwarded specimens in 1834 from 
the Motala River off Norrkoping''. Further south the 
Grayling is rarer in Sweden; but it occurs in Smaland 
and in HallamT’, at least in the Laga River, where it 
is known, according to Trybom, as the Haspa. 
In Norway its range is no less extensive, but ap- 
parently still more sporadic. South of the Dovre Fjeld 
it is found, according to Collett, only in the waters 
of the Oster Valley and the Gudbrand Valley, but there 
is rather plentiful. Along the west coast- it is wanting, 
but finds its way through the Lesjeverks- water on the 
Rauina Elf almost to the mouth of this river in Runs- 
da-1 Fjord. From this point north to Finmark the Gray- 
ling is known only from some waters in the parish of 
Lierne (North Trondhjem), in the Vefsen Elf (Nordland), 
and in the valley of the Maa-1 Elf. It is common, Iioav- 
ever, in many, though not in all, of the rivers in Fin- 
mark. According to Mela it is common throughout 
the greater part of Finland, but Avanting in the south- 
ern districts, Avhere it occurs but sparingly in Nyland 
alone. ToAva-rds the head of the Gulf of Bothnia it is 
common, both inside and outside the island-belt; but 
“ Kh0YER found it small and round. In a male 55 cm. long, with testes hardly ripe, it is oblong, rather blunt behind, pointed in 
front, and 58 mm. long. 
b Smitt, liiJcsm. Sahnonul., tab. metr. VIII. 
0 Underd. Bel. Ny Fiskeristadga, 1883, p. 155. See also Lilljeboug, 1. c., p. G74. 
Scandinavian Fishes. 
112 
