GWYNIAD. 
909 
in irregular dark spots. Sometimes the pectoral fins 
are of a plain grayish red, while all the others are 
black. During the spawning-season the scales of the 
sides, most commonly below the lateral line, are coated 
with dermal tubercles, such as we have noticed in the 
Cyprinoids. These tubercles, of a, white or reddish 
gray colour, form longitudinal rows (see Plate XLII, 
fig. 4), one to each row of scales, but they are not 
present on all the rows of scales, sometimes only on 
5, sometimes on as many as 13, most of them below 
the lateral line. They are sometimes present both in 
males and females, sometimes only in the males; and 
many breeding Gwyniads, even males, in the same 
shoal are without them". 
The Gwyniad, as we have already mentioned, is 
spread throughout Sweden; and the rule is that the 
blasikar belong to fresh water, the fetsikar to the sea, 
the rivers flowing into the sea, and the great lakes. 
So in this respect too the relation between the two 
main groups of Gwyniad forms is fully analogous to 
that between trutta and salar among the Salmons. The 
range of the Gwyniad probably extends over all 
northern countries both of the Old and New Worlds 6 . 
Throughout Finland and Norway the species occurs; 
but in the latter country, according to Collett, its 
range is interrupted between Trondhjem and Tromso, 
which is also the case with several other fresh-water 
fishes. In Denmark, where it is called Hcelt and Snce- 
bel (the German Schndpel = Sw. ndbbsik), it is common 
on the mainland, less so on the islands and round 
their coasts. It is also common throughout Germany 
north of the Alps — where it bears many names, Ma- 
rdne, Blaufelchen, Henke, Kilch, etc. — and in the 
Baltic Provinces of Russia. But in South-eastern 
Europe it is wanting. In Switzerland it occurs in the 
numerous forms (24 sub-species) described by Ratio. 
In Savoy it inhabits the Lac du Bourget; and it has 
been introduced in recent times into Lakes Maggiore 
and Como on the southern slope of the Alps. In 
France proper, with the exception of the most eastern 
districts, it is wanting; but to the fish-market of Paris, 
where it is known by the name of Outil, it is supplied 
from Belgium and Holland, where in its ndbbsik form, 
called Holding and Adelvisch , it inhabits the North 
Sea and the Zuider Zee and ascends the Rhine. In 
England it is common in Ulleswater and the other 
Cumbrian lakes, up to a height of 2,600 feet above 
the sea-level, being here known as the Schelly, in 
Scotland it inhabits Lake Lomond, where it is called 
the Powan, and in the Welsh lakes it bears the name 
of the Gwyniad. The flouting form has been taken 
on the east and south coasts of England. The North 
American White-fish has its true habitat in the region 
of the Great Lakes, but its range extends to the Arctic 
Ocean. But in Greenland and Iceland the species is 
unknown. 
In this wide geographical extension there are three 
centres where the Gwyniad attains its most robust 
development: Siberia, the Baltic countries, and the 
basin of the Great Lakes in North America. The first 
home of the species lay in the north, and to the south- 
ern tracts in the interior of Europe where it notv oc- 
curs, it had free access during the Glacial Period. 
But when the waterways became landlocked, and the 
extent of the seas was reduced, it was compelled to 
adapt itself to the various environments of its abode, 
and it has thus been differentiated into a number of 
forms which cannot, however, be distinguished by con- 
stant characters. 
“The Gwyniad’s habits,” writes Ekstrom of the 
Baltic form, “differ little from the Salmon’s. Like 
the latter it ascends from deep water in the spawning- 
season, and is said to observe a certain order in its 
evolutions.” “The roading Gwyniads,” wrote Gisler 
from Norrland, “gather in shoals with such consent 
that hardly a single fish can be found on the coast 
between the shoals. They mostly repair to the coast 
in violent gales from the south and south-east, which 
drive them into fjords and estuaries. As soon as the 
wind veers to the west, they ascend the rivers with 
eager haste, and are then observed to shape their 
course in two wings or lines converging to a point, 
as is related of the Salmon c .” “In the island-belt of 
Morko,” continues Ekstrom, “the Gwyniad ascends from 
deep water, where it has passed the winter, in spring- 
time, when the Baltic Herring spawns. It follows the 
“ According to Gisler they arc wanting in the males which first reach the spawning-place. 
b Bean (Oat. Coll. Fish. Exh. bij U. S. Nat. Mas., Gt. Intern. Fish. Exhib. London 1883, p. 8) and Turner ( Contrib . Nat. Hist. 
Alaska, Arct. Ser. Publ. Sign. Serv. U. S. Army, .No. II, p. 104) mention Coregonus clupeiformis ( albus ) from Alaska: and as we have 
stated above, we know of no specific difference between this form and our European Gwyniad. 
c See above. 
