946 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
SUDIS ATLANTICUS, 
which was found dead in May, 1865, where it had 
been cast ashore near the Skaw. Two specimens are 
said to have been observed, after a violent storm from 
the west; but only one was secured, and this reached 
Iyroyer’s hands in a greatly damaged condition. It 
was a large fish, half a metre long, Avith much deeper 
body than the other known species of the genus. The 
greatest depth was contained only 7 times in the length 
of the body. A manuscript published in part by Lut- 
ken° after Kroner's death further contains the remarks 
that the length of the head was 21 '7 % of that of the 
body, that the dentition of the mouth was compara- 
tively feeble and uniform, that the articulation of the 
lower jaw lay nearer to the perpendicular from the 
anterior margin of the eye than in the Greenland form, 
Sudis borealis , that the ventral fins were situated below 
the true dorsal fin, that the adipose fin was compara- 
tively remote from the caudal, that the pectoral fins 
contained 15, the anal fin 20 rays, and that the scales 
were small, numbering about 20 in a transverse row. 
Fam. C L U P E 1 1) M. 
Body of the well-known Herring form, but more or less deep or elongated, more or less terete or compressed. Scales 
middle-sized or small, thin, and generally deciduous. No luminous spots on the sides of the body. No adipose 
fin. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries in front and by the maxillaries behind. No bar- 
bels. Air-bladder simple or internally cellular; its communication ivith the cranial cavity, where such a commu- 
nication exists, without mobile osseous connexion. Branchial cavity usually furnished ivith large pseudobranchice. 
Ovaries furnished ivith oviducts. 
No piscine family is so important to man from an 
economical point of view as the Herrings ; and for the 
systeinatist too this family possesses great interest. 
Around it are grouped a number of families, foreign 
to the Scandinavian fauna, that combine its characters 
not only with preceding types, but also with Ganoid 
peculiarities. Soon after Muller, on the strength of 
Vogt’s investigations, had referred the genus Amia to 
the Ganoids 6 , where Agassiz 0 had previously ranged 
Lepidosteus and Polypterus, which forms as well as 
Amia Cuvier 1 * included among the Herrings, Stannius 0 
showed that the character upon which Muller had laid 
special stress, the double row of valvules at the passage 
from the ventricle of the heart to the bulbus arteriosus, 
also appears in Butirinus ( Albula ), another of Cuvier’s 
Herring-fishes, which is still referred by some authors 
to that family. GegenbauiG showed — a thought which 
had suggested itself to Muller — that the most essen- 
tial difference in this respect between the Teleosts and 
the Ganoids together with the true cartilaginous fishes 
consists in the following circumstance. In the latter 
the ventricle of the heart, with the transversely striped 
muscles of its Avail, is prolongated forward to a tubu- 
lar, more or less conical chamber ( conus arteriosus ), 
on the inner surface of which the valvules in their 
more or less numerous rotvs are situated; Avhereas in 
the Teleosts the heart is destitute of this prolongation, 
the beginning (base) of the branchial artery that issues 
from the ventricle being instead dilated into a bulb 
( bulbus arteriosus ), without muscles (with only elastic 
Avail) or with unstriped muscles alone in its wall. 
Stour! 7 completed these observations by pointing out 
the structure and distribution of the rows of valvules 
in different Ganoids, Sturgeons, Chirmeras, and true 
“ Vid. Meddel. Natnrh. For. Kblivn 1891, p. 231. 
b Abb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1844, p. 204. 
0 Rech. Poiss. Foss., tom. II, part. II, p. 1. 
d R'egne Animal, ed. 2, tom. II, pp. 327 — 329. 
e Bemerkungen iiber das Verhaltniss der . Ganoiden zu den Olupeiden, Rostock 1846. 
f Jen. Zeitschr., Bd. 2 (1866), p. 365. 
g Morphol. Jahrb., Bd. 2 (1876), p. 197. 
