954 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
THE HERRING (sw. sillen.) 
CLUPEA HARENGUS. 
Plates XLIII, fig. 1 and XLIV, fig. 1. 
Length of the base of the anal fin less than 1 / i of the distance between the ventral fins and the tip of the snout a . 
Number of spines at the ventral margin ( between the isthmus and the vent ) 36 — 48 b . 
R. hr. 8 ; D. 
3—5 
(13)14—16(17) 
(18—200; A. 
2—3(4) 
(12)13—16(17) 
(16— 18 d ); 
P. — l iT „; V. 7 J_ 8 -p C..v + 1 + 17 + 1 +*; L.lat. (56)60-66(70); 
L. tr. 15 — 16; Vert. 51 — 58 ? . 
Syn. Hareng (Chalcidis .species) p. p., Belon., Nat., Divers. Poiss., 
p. 168; Harengus , Rondel., De Pise., lib. VII, cap. XVI; 
Gesn., Hist. Anim., lib. IV, p. 408; Schonev., Iclithyol. 
Slesv. Holsat., p. 36; Neucrantz, De Harengo, Liibecas 
1654; Willugtib. , Hist. Pise., p. 219, tab. P, 1, fig. 2. 
Clupea maxilla inferiore longiore, maculis nigris carens, Art., 
Iclithyol., Gen., p. 7; Syn. p. 14; Spec., p. 31; Lin., Fna 
Suec., ed. I, png. 120; Gissl., Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1748, p. 
107. Duiiam., Tr. Gen. Peches, part. II, sect. Ill, p. 335. 
Clupea Harengus, Lin., Syst. Nat., ed. X, tom. I, p. 317; 
Penn., Brit. Zool., tom. Ill, p. 294, tab. LXVIII, N:r 160 
ed. London, (1776) ( + White-bait., p. 325, tab. LXIX, N:r 
176, quam speciem Cyprini generis censuit) ; Fabr., Fna 
Groenl ., p. 182; Bl., Fisch. Deutschl., part. I, p. 186, 
tab. XXIX, fig. 1; Retz., Fna Suec. Lin., p. 352; Lacep., 
Hist. Nat. Poiss., tom. V, p. 427; Sw., Palmstr., Sv. Zool.. 
Bd. I, N:r 22; Pall., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., tom. Ill, p. 
209; Nilss., Prodr. Iclitli. Scand., p. 23; Ekstr., Vet.- 
Akad. Handl. 1834, p. 20; Ofvers. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1844, 
pp. 82 et 119; Yarr., Brit. Fish., ed. I, vol. II, p. 110 
(+ Clupea Leachii, p. 117 + Cl. alba, p. 126); Parn., 
Mem. Wern. Soc., vol. VII, p. 315, tab. XXXV; Cuv., 
Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. XX, p. 30, tab. 591 (+ Clupea 
Leachii, ex Yarr., p. 243 + Clupea elongafa, ex Lesdeur, 
p. 247 + Clupea Pallasii , p. 253 + Rogenia alba, ex 
Yarr., p. 341); Kr., Damn. Fish., vol. Ill, p. 138; Nilss., 
Slcand. Fna, Fisk., p. 491; Sundev., Stockh. L. Hush. 
Sallsk. Handl. 1855, pp. 81, 96, 187; Mgrn , Finl. Fiskfna, 
p. 67 ; Lindstr., Gotl. Fisk., Gotl. L. Hush. Sallsk. Arsber. 
1866, p. 19 (sep.); v. Bemm. in Herkl., Bouwst. Fna Ne- 
derl., part. Ill, p. 380; Gthr, Cat. Brit. Mus., Fish., vol. 
VII, p. 415; Boeck, Silden, Sildef., I, Chrnia 1871; Sars, 
Jndber. Dep. Indre, 1872, p. 5; Coll., Forh. Vid. S'elsk. 
Chrnia 1874, TiUaigsh., p. 185; 1879, N:r 1, p. 97; N. 
Mag. Nature. Chrnia, Bd. 29 (1884), p. Ill; Malm, Gbgs 
Boh. Fna, p. 570; Lundb., Bih. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Bd. 3, 
No. 4; IIcke, Var. Her., Kiel. Commiss., IV — VI Jahrg., 
p. 37; VII Jahrg., p. 59; Winth., Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvn, 
ser. 3, vol. XII, p. 47 ; Bncke, Fisch., Fischer., Fischz. 
O., W. Preuss., p. 169; Mor., Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., tom. 
Ill, p. 443; Smitt, Arch. Biol., vol. Ill (1882), p. 259, 
tab. XI; Mela, Vert. Fenn., p. 353, tab. X; Jord., Gilb., 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, p. 265 (+ Clupea mirabilis, 
ex Gir., ibid.); Day, Fish. Gt. Brit., Irel., vol. II, p. 208, 
tab. CXXXVIII, fig. 2; Mob., Hcke, Fisch. Osts., p. 135; 
Br. -Goode, Fisher., Fish. Industr. U. S., Sect. I, p. 549, 
tab. 204 ( + Jord., Cl. mirabilis, p. 568); Smitt, Bih. Vet.- 
Akad. Handl., Bd. 14, Afd. IV, No. 12 (1888); Lillj., Sv., 
Norg. Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 45; Ljgn, Nord. Familjebok, Bd. 
14, col. 1079. 
Obs. Pallas (1. c.) united the Atlantic and Pacific forms into 
one species. Girard (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1854, p. 138) 
ranged the latter as a distinct species, Clupea mirabilis', but the char- 
acters hitherto assigned to it — at most 15 rays in the anal fin 
and at most 51 vertebrae — may also be found in the Atlantic 
Herring. 
The well-known Herring comes nearest both in 
form and coloration to the Vendace, but its body com- 
monly shows strong compression from the terete back 
downwards. But when the Herring is full (i. e. when 
the reproductive organs are ripe), the belly is also 
comparatively terete, though the downward compression 
is always marked at the head and isthmus. The fish 
attains a size of 43 cm. or more, but varies consider- 
ably in this respect, according to the conditions under 
which it lives. The greatest depth, just in front of 
the dorsal fin, measures on an average 18 or 19 % of 
the length from the tip of the lower jaw to the ex- 
treme end of the caudal fin, but sometimes rises, in 
gravid females, to 21 % thereof, and, on the other 
hand, in young Herrings, even at a length of 125 mm., 
measured as above, sometimes sinks to only 15 % there- 
° Here, as in the Gwyniads, we have reckoned the tip of the snout from the articular knobs of the maxillaries. 
h The limits of variation according to Heincke. 
c In exceptional instances 17 and 21. 
a In exceptional instances 14 and 19; 15 and 20 according to Heincke. 
e In exceptional instances 14. 
f In exceptional instances 9. 
9 According to Heincke. 
