SHAD. 
985 
Winth., Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvu, ser. 3, vol. XII 
(1879), p. 50; Feddeks., ibid., p. 81; Mor., Hist. 
Nat. Poiss. Fr., tom. Ill, p. 456; Bncke, Fiscli ., 
Fischer ., Fischz. 0., TV. Preuss., p. 167 ; Day ( Clu - 
pea), Fish. Gt. Brit., Irel., vol. II, p. 236, tab. 
CXLI; Cole., N. Mag. Naturv. Chrnia, Bd. 29 (1884), 
p. 113; Lillj., Sc., Norg. Fisk., vol. Ill, p. 120; 
Fatio ( Alosa ), Fne Vert. Sitisse, vol. V, part. 2, 
p. 40 ; Tryb. ( Clupea ), Sv. Fiskeritidskr., Arg. 1 
(1892), p. 120. 
Vav. B. 
Clupea major. Alosa vera Autorum, Duh., 1. c., p. 
316, tab. I, fig. 1. 
Allice Shad, Penn., 1. c, 
Clupea alosa, Lacep., 1. c., p. 447. 
Clupea (Alosa) alosa, Cdv., 1. c., p. 319; Gthr, 1. c., 
p. 433: Day, 1. c., p. 234, tab. CXL; Coll., N. 
Mag., 1. c., p. 112; Lillj., 1. c., p. 113. 
Alosa communis, Yarr., 1. c., p. 136. 
Alosa vulgaris, Sel. Longci-i., Fne beige, p. 220; 
Trosch. (Alaitsa), 1. c. ; Sieb. (Alosa), 1. c., p. 328; 
Winth., 1. c., p. 49; Mor., 1. e., p. 453; Storm, 
Vid. Selsk. Skr. Trondhj. 1883, p. 31; Fatio, 1. c., 
p. 29. 
Alosa Cuvierii, Malm, 1. c., p. 654. 
C. Var. sapidissima, forma americana, pinna anali fintce, bran- 
chiospinis alosce. 
Clupea sapidissima, Wilson, in Ree’s, Cyclop , Univ. 
Diet. Arts, Sc. Lit., p. 461 ; Jord., Gilb., Bull. 
U. S. Nat. Mns. No. 16, p. 267; McDon. in Br. 
Goode, Fisher., Fisher. Industr. U. S., sect. I, p. 
594, tabb. 212 et 213. 
Alosa proestabilis, Dek. N. York Fna, pt. IV, p. 255, 
tab. XV, fig. 41. 
In form of body the Shad resembles the common 
Herring even more closely than the Pilchard does, the 
greatest thickness seldom rising to 1 / 2 of the greatest 
depth, and usually measuring between 35 and 45 % 
thereof. The alterations of growth in this respect are, 
however, considerable, the rule being that young Shads 
are most like the Herring, and that in older specimens 
the hind part of the body is prolongated to such an 
extent as to reduce the greatest depth (across the 
middle of the preabdominal part), which is commonly 
between 23 and 28 % of the length of the body, to 
about 22 % thereof. The body then acquires a com- 
pressed, clavate shape, quite different from the hand- 
some type of the Herring. The least depth varies be- 
tween about 8 and 67 2 % of the length. The Shad is 
also far more vigorous of growth than the Herring. 
It almost ranks among the large fishes, though the 
above-mentioned varieties, differ in this respect. The 
T waite Shad seldom attains a length of 6 dm.“ or a 
weight of 1 kilo., whereas the Allice Shad, it is stated, 
often measures 7 dm. in length and weighs 27 2 kilo., 
and the North American Shad attains in modern times, 
according to McDonald, a weight of at least 3 2 / 3 kilo., 
which it formerly exceeded, sometimes turning the 
scale, it is said, at 3 1 / 3 kilo, or more. 
The length of the head in Young Shads measures 
about 23 1 / 2 % of that of the body. During growth to 
a length of 4 or 5 dm. this percentage falls to 22 
or 2 1 Va? and in still larger Shads to about 19, judging 
by a stuffed specimen. To the covering of adipose 
membrane on the head and shoulders the same remarks 
apply as in the case of the Pilchard; nor do the lateral 
ridges on the top of the head coalesce behind in the 
occipital crest. In old specimens the tip of the snout 
is incised, more than in the Pilchard and most in the 
Twaite Shad, which has the deepest sinus at the head 
of the angular or S-shaped indentation in the margin 
of the intermaxillaries. In younger specimens and in 
the Allice Shad the tip of the snout is more even, 
showing only the above-mentioned sinus at the middle 
of the margin. The eyes are about as large in young 
Shads as in the common Herring, in old specimens 
perceptibly smaller. In a Shad 12 cm. long both the ver- 
tical and the horizontal diameters of the eyes are nearly 
v 4 of the length of the head, in males 3 — 4 dm. long 
little more than 1 / 5 of the same, and in females of 
this size the proportion is only about 18 %. The cor- 
responding proportions to the length of the maxillaries 
are respectively about 1 / 2 (50'7 %), 45 — 41 %, and about 
43 — 39 %. In the smallest specimen the diameter of 
the eyes is somewhat greater than the interorbital width 
at the middle of the eyes, in old males about 90 — 80 %, 
and in old females about 80 — 70% thereof. The length 
of the snout is somewhat less in the first-mentioned 
specimen than the diameter of the eyes, in the others 
equal to or a little greater than the same. The nostrils 
are set almost as in the Herring; but the distance be- 
tween the two pairs is comparatively somewhat greater, 
being in young specimens 1 / 2 , in old about 2 / 3 , of the 
breadth of the snout at the articulation of the maxil- 
laries. The length of the maxillaries is about 1 1 7 2 
— 9 3 / 4 % of that of the body or 49 — 45 % of that of 
the head, and these bones extend back to about a line 
“ A stuffed specimen from Alexandria and in the possession of the Royal Museum measures about 61 cm. to the ends of the 
caudal lobes. 
