988 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
Shads this spot is the only one left, with the exception 
of that on the shoulder. Nor is the black colour of the 
tip of the snout, the point of the lower jaw, and the 
tongue constant. But the scale follicles of the whole 
body as well as of the head are strewn, more densely 
than in the Herring, with tine dots of brownish black ; 
and at the top of the dorsal tin this colour gathers in 
a black spot, the hind margin of the caudal tin being 
also black. 
If we include, as we have reason to do, within the 
limits of this species the North American Shad (and 
perhaps the Skipjack, Clupea chrysochloris), the species 
has an extensive range on both sides of the Atlantic. 
On the eastern side it occurs from the neighbourhood 
of Trondhjem" to the Mediterranean; on the western 
side it lives somewhat further south, being found from 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence to St. John’s River, Florida * * * 6 . 
In the Pacific it was unknown until the 2nd of July, 
1873. On that date Livingston-Stone, instructed by 
the Fisheries Commission of the United States, stocked 
the Sacramento at Bahama (California) with 35,000 
Shad-fry from the Hudson River, delivered to him on 
the 25th of June from the Shad Hatchery of New York 
State at Castleton. This proved one of the greatest 
triumphs achieved by pisciculture; a productive Shad- 
fishery was bestowed upon California. The enterprise 
is also of general interest, as calculated to throw light 
on the wanderings of other fishes 0 . We are told by 
McDonald: “It is a common belief among fish-cultur- 
ists that the mature individuals of all anadromous spe- 
cies, including the Shad, are led back to the waters in 
which they were spawned by a conscious wish on their 
part to return to those very localities in which they spent 
their young life. Important exceptions to this rule are, 
however, well established by recent observations. For 
instance, it is well established that the runs of Shad into 
the Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers are characterized 
by alternations of abundance; that is to say, an exces- 
sively large yield for any given season in the one in- 
volves a corresponding diminution in the yield for the 
same season in the other, thus precluding the possibility 
of each individual returning annually to its native stream. 
° Even on the coast of Iceland the Shad is found, according 
him that on the east coast of Iceland a kind of Herring was taken, 
They called it Ugna-sild, i. e. Herring with eye-shaped spots. 
6 The Skipjack strictly belongs to the Mississippi Valley and 
the true Shad is indigenous to the Alabama, where attempts to introd 
above all in the Ohio, it has been planted by the U. S. Fisheries Cor 
c Cf. above, on the migrations of the Salmon, pp. 858 — 859. 
Again, it was confidently expected that all the young 
Atlantic Shad which were transferred to and planted in 
the Sacramento River would, on their return from the 
Pacific Ocean as mature fish, find their way back to 
this stream. This tvas not, however, the case, for, to 
the utter astonishment of many fish-culturists, a con- 
siderable number of these now mature fish made their 
appearance in many streams of the Pacific lying far 
north of the Sacramento River — streams to which Shad 
had never been indigenous and in which none had ever 
been planted. These facts go a long way to disprove 
the theory of instinct of locality, and indicate that the 
river movements of the Shad are regulated by involun- 
tary and extraneous influences. The migration and colo- 
nisation of this fish northward along the Pacific coast 
has been so general that at the present day new genera- 
tions of a single plant are found in every stream on 
the Pacific from the Sacramento River to Puget Sound.” 
In Scandinavia the Shad may be considered as a 
stranger. North of Germany it does not appear any- 
where in numbers. But it is not rare. Several large 
Allice Shads have been taken during the summer months, 
according to Storm, in Salmon-nets by the fishermen ol 
Trondhjem Fjord, and Collett states that an Allice Shad 
was caught in the autumn of 1881 off Namsas (64V 2 ° N. 
lab). The finta variety has not been observed so often 
in Norwegian waters, and, according to Collett, only 
in Christiania Fjord and near Bergen. In Denmark the 
Shad is fairly common, but almost without exception in 
the finta form. This variety was frequently observed 
by Krgyer among the fish taken on the Danish coast 
of the Cattegat, and he was told by fishermen that they 
sometimes caught hundreds of Twaite Shads in Liim 
Fjord. But only three Allice Shads, all taken during 
May (1871 and 1878) in Liim Fjord, are mentioned by 
Winther. On the west coast of Sweden the case is 
about the same. The Royal Museum has received from 
Stromstad, through Mr. C. A. Hansson, two females of 
the Allice Shad, one of them measuring about 44 cm., 
the other 36 cm., and taken respectively at the begin- 
ning of June, 1887 (the-original of our coloured figure) 
and the beginning of September, 1892. No other Allice 
to a statement in Faber ( Fische Islands, p. 182). The fishermen told 
similar to the common Herring, but with black spots along the sides 
the neighbouring parts of the Gulf of Mexico. It is uncertain whether 
uce it have been made since 1848. In the tributaries of the Mississippi, 
omission. 
