990 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
pregnated. When the spawning is over, the Shad’s 
powers are exhausted, and its value lost. Many perish, 
others are carried half-dead by the current back to the 
sea; and by the end of the summer all the full-grown 
Shads have usually quitted the rivers and streams. 
Each adult female lays, it is stated, 100,000 — 
200,000 eggs" l * * 6 or 2 C mm. in diameter, which sink 
to the bottom, and are hatched in a few days. In 
October Yarrell obtained young T waite Shads 2 1 / 2 in. 
(63 mm.) long; and in the following spring he found 
young T waite Shads 4 in. (1 dm.) long and young 
Allice Shads 6 in. (1\ 2 dm.) in length''. Where the 
Shad spends the intervals of its existence, and how it 
lives in the sea, until it attains a length of about 3— 
4 dm., and appears after 2 or 3 years in fresh water 
as an adult fish, is unknown to us. 
As the Salmons occur in fresh-water forms that 
never reach the sea, so the Shad is sometimes confined 
for its whole life in lakes and their feeders. To this 
category belong, according to Fatio, the so-called Agoni, 
a kind of Twaite Shad, that inhabit the great lakes of 
Lombardy and South-eastern Switzerland. The large 
Twaite Shads, known as Cheppie, ascend the Po from 
the Adriatic, and spawn during June and July in this 
river and its tributaries, returning in August to the 
sea. The Agoni, on the other hand, though they attain, 
according to De Betta, a length of 3 — 4 dm. and 
according to Fatio, a weight of 1 V 2 lbs., pass the 
whole year in the lakes of Ticino and Lombardy, where 
they spawn in May and June. 
In its best condition, after living a day or two 
in fresh water, the Shad, especially the fat Allice Shad, 
is said to be excellent eating, in spite of the numer- 
ous bones, which are more troublesome even than in 
the Herring. After the spawning the flesh is lean 
and dry. 
Genus STOLEPHORUS. 
Mouth targe, the length of the maxillaries being more than half that of the head. Tip of the snout projecting 
more or less distinctly beyond the lower jaw. Gill-openings large, the branchiostegal membranes being for the 
greater part of their extent free from each other and from the isthmus. Anal fin free from the caudal. 
Ranged beside the preceding genus the European 
Anchovy may indeed appear to be so sharply distin- 
guished therefrom that it might lay just claim to a 
place at least in a separate subfamily. But on a com- 
parison with the other genera of the family the dif- 
ferences disappear, and even the genus Stolephorus is 
difficult to define with natural limits. Valenciennes 6 
pointed out this circumstance, and restored to the ge- 
nus those species which Cuvier 7 , on account of the 
backward prolongation of the maxillaries (extending 
behind the articulation of the lower jaw and even be- 
hind the head), had removed to a separate genus Thrissa. 
“ In American Shads weighing 4 — 5 lbs. McDonald found 
number sometimes exceeds 100,000. 
6 Benecke. 
c Fatio. 
d Of., however, Ehkenbaum (Sonderbeilage zu den Mittheilungen der Sektion fur Kirsten- und Hochseefischerei, JahrgaDg 1892, p. 12), 
who is of opinion that young Twaite Shads of the said size are a year older, and have already paid one visit to the sea. 
e Cuv., Vai„, Hist. Nut. Poiss., vol. XXI, p. 5. 
f Regne Animal, ed. I, tome II, p. 176. 
g Nat. Hist. Fish., Amph., Rept., vol. II, p. 292. 
* Gunther’s Telara and Heterothrissa, Cat. Brit. Mus., Fish., vol. VII, p. 385. 
Among the Anchovy forms typical in other respects we 
find species in which the hind extremities of the ma- 
xillaries are very obliquely truncate, with the lower 
corner longer than the upper and even pointed — as 
for example in Stolephorus heterolobus from the Red 
Sea and India — so that the generic character depended 
merely on a greater or less degree of prolongation. 
To the genus Coilia, which in form of body calls to 
mind the Macruroids, we find among the Anchovies 
transition forms that Swainson 5 ' proposed to isolate in 
a genus Setipinna’ 1 , characterized by the long anal fin, 
which sometimes occupies more than half the length 
only 20,000 — 40,000 ova; but lie adds that in other females the 
