1000 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
palatines (pi), where the anterior extremity of the 
maxillaries has its articulation; while the posterior part 
of the intermaxillaries is inserted under the anterior 
extremity of the maxillaries. In addition to the above- 
mentioned covering-bones the ethmoidal cartilage has a 
further ossification at each anterior outer corner, an- 
swering to the true ethmoid bone (et), which forms 
the prominence where the anterior extremity of each 
palatine bone has its mobile articulation. The hind 
extremity of the palatine is joined as usual by a firm 
suture to and covered by the geniculate pterygoid bone 
(pt), the lower arm of which is applied and united by 
a firm suture to the anterior margin of the quadrate 
bone (qu), while the upper arm sends out above the 
bend an ascending process which is linked by a mobile, 
cartilaginous articulation to the lateral ethmoid (etl, 
prefontal bone). The articulations of the hyomandi- 
bular with the under surface of the squamosal bone 
(squ) and with the upper posterior angle of the petrosal 
(ptr), which there meets the latter bone, have already 
been mentioned. The whole apparatus of the upper 
jaw, the palate, and the suspensory apparatus of the lower 
jaw are thus capable both of lateral and upward disten- 
sion, the lower jaw simultaneously expanding, for 
Fig. 253. Bones of the head in a Pike. l / 2 the natural size. A, from the right; B , the skull, seen from "behind; C, the head, seen from 
above; D , the skull, seen from the right; Fj, the skull, seen from below; F, the upper jaw, palate, and suspensory apparatus of the lower 
jaw, right side, seen from without; G , the lower jaw. 
alsp, alisphenoid; art, articular part of the lower jaw; de, dental part of the lower jaw; ept, ento pterygoid; et, ethmoid; etcr, tip of the 
cartilaginous part of the ethmoid; etl, lateral ethmoid; fr, frontal; frn, part of the frontal bones that projects above the ethmoidal cartilage; 
ftr, exit of the nervus trigeminus; hm, hyomandibular; lima, anlerior articular process of the liyomandibular ; imp, hyomandibular articular 
process, with the end of which the operculum articulates; iop, interoperculum; j, supplementary (jugal) bone of the maxillary; mb, tip of the 
lower jaw; mpt, metapterygoid; nit, mastoid; mx , maxillary; ocb, basilar part of the occipital; ocl , lateral part of the occipital; ocs, squa- 
mosal part of the occipital; op, operculum; par, parietal; pi, palatine; , pmx, intermaxillary; pob, preorbital, the foremost bone in the sub- 
orbital ring; pop , preopereulum; psp, parasphenoid ; pt, pterygoid; pimp, post-temporal; ptp, ascending process of the pterygoid; ptr, petro- 
sal; qu, quadrate; scl, supraclavicula; sob, hindmost (fifth) bone in the suborbital ring; sop, suboperculum; spet 1 and 2, supraethmoids ; 
spho, postfrontal bone; spl, os symplecticurn ; spo, supraorbital; squ, squamosal part of the temporal bone; st, styloid (opisthoticinn ) ; vom, head 
of the vomer; vomp, shaft of the vomer. 
vom 
etcr 
