88 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
A. W. Malm, who described it in the report of the 
Royal Swedish Academy of Science for the year 1852. 
Mr. I. W. Grill has subsequently described, in letters 
to Ekstrom, some minute observations on this point, 
which were made in Heligoland. 
Fry have thus been found of very small size. From 
the 22nd of July to the 18th of August", Malm found 
specimens from slightly over 12 mm. up to 36 mm. in 
length, and Mr. Grill says that on the 25th of Sep- 
tember he found 23 fry about 35 mm. in length under 
a jelly-fish about 16 cm. in diameter. Generally only 
feAv, from 3 to 7, are found under the same jelly-fish. 
If removed from the jelly-fish and thrown into the 
water near it, they at once endeavour to regain their 
hiding-place, and at the approach of danger they creep 
close to the disk of the jelly-fish among its threadlike 
organs. Hike all very small fry, they are at first quite 
unlike the adult fish, being short, with a high head of 
peculiar shape and with the mouth turned upwards. 
Until they are about 20 mm. long, the greatest depth 
of the body exceeds the length of the head; but when 
they are no more than 70 mm. long — at this age 
they have left the jelly-fish — they have become normal 
in this respect, the greatest depth of the body being from 
about 84 to 82 % of the length of the head. The plates 
of the lateral line first appear, though indistinctly, in 
specimens from 15 to 20 mm. long; afterwards they 
become more distinct and the lateral carinae appear. 
In young specimens 35 mm. in length these parts of 
the body have quite the same form as in the fullgrown 
fish. Shortly after the fry have attained this size, in 
September (or later?), they apparently leave the jelly- 
fish and live independently, in company with young 
Herrings and Sprats. Scads of this kind from 75 to 100 
mm. in length, are fairly common late in autumn, when 
they are taken with other fish in the seine. 
During summer the Scad is lean, but in autumn, 
when it comes near shore, it is fairly fat and the flesh 
is but little inferior to that of the Mackerel either in 
quantity or in quality. 
No special method of fishing for the Scad is prac- 
tised in Sweden: it is only occasionally taken in seines 
drawn for other fishes. This is also the case in the 
Avest of the Baltic, Avhere the Scad occurs, but probably 
goes no further east than the coast of Mecklenburgh. 
In the Baltic, too, it is generally taken singly, though, 
according to Mobius and Heincke, it is sometimes, in 
autumn, met Avith in shoals. Thus in November, 1872, 
about 32,000 Scads Avere taken in the Bay of Bckern- 
forde. A similar occurrence has happened in Norway, 
too, Avhere, according to Collett’s assumption, the 
Scad goes at least as far north as Troudhjem Fjord. 
It appeared there in large shoals in the summer of 
1862 and came up the fjords betAveen Stavanger and 
Bergen. It sometimes appears in still larger shoals on 
the English coast. Off Glamorganshire, on the 29th of 
July, 1834, in the evening, the Avhole sea Avas so full 
of Scad that the surface seemed in a state of fermen- 
tation; and these enormous shoals continued to pass 
up the Bristol Channel for a Aveek''. In mid-ocean, too, 
it collects in shoals at the surface, but generally near 
some reef c , as on the Josephine Bank, betAveen Portu- 
gal and the Azores, Avhere at midsummer the SAvedish 
expedition of 1869 fell in Avith numerous shoals of 
Scad, on Avhich the gulls feasted greedily. 
In the Mediterranean and the Atlantic outside it 
two varieties have been distinguished from the northern 
Scad'S Avhich, hoAvever, occurs there also. Thus Malm 
gave the northern form the name of Tracliurus Linnei 
and characterized it as having at most 79 comparatively 
high plates on the lateral line. According to Lutken, 
the one of the Mediterranean forms, Tracliurus medi- 
terraneus , is distinguished by from 79 to 92 (according 
to Steindachner, from 79 to 86) similar, but lower 
plates. In the other, Tracliurus Cuvieri, in contra- 
distinction to the tAVO forms just given, the straight, 
posterior part of the lateral line is said to be shorter 
than the anterior part or at most equal to it, Avhile 
there are from 93 to 108 plates of average height on 
the lateral line, and the ventral fins are exceptionally 
short in comparison with the pectoral — in old spe- 
cimens scarcely more than * l / s of the latter in length. 
These differences evidently run side by side with Avell- 
knoAvn changes due to age. The height of the lateral 
° Cf. Gbgs, Boh. Fn., p. 452. 
1 Yarrell, Brit. Fish., ed. 1, vol. I, p. 155 and Day, 1. c., p. 125. 
c See the Magazine Framtiden, 1870, p. 348, note. 
d Cf. Lutken, 1. c. 
e Caranx Cuvieri, Loave, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. II, (1873) p. 183, according to him = Seriola picturata, Bowdich, Excurs. 
Madeira (1825) p. 123, fig. 27. 
