NORWAY HADDOCK. 
149 
Syn. Perea marina , Lin., Syst. nat., ed. X, tom. I, p. 290 (excl. syn. 
Art.); Fn. Suec., ed. II, p. 118; Ltkn ( Sebastes ), Vid. Meddel. 
Naturh. For. Kbhvn, 1876, p. 358; Malm, Gbgs , Boh. Fn ., 
p. 385; Winth., Zool. Dan. Fiske, p. 11, tab. II, fig. 7; 
Id., Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvn, ser. Ill, vol. XII, p. 9; Coll., 
Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christ., 1879, No. 1, p. 7; Id., Norsk. 
Nordh. Exped., Zoologi, Fiske , p. 15, pi. I, fig. 3 et 4; 
Lillj., Sv., Norg. F/sIc., vol. 1, p. 92; Jord., Gilb., Syn. 
Fish. N. Amer., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16 p. 651; 
Coll., N. Mag. Naturv., Christiania, Bd. 29 (1884), p. 52. 
Perea norvegica , Ascan., Icon. rer. nat., cah. II, p. 7, tab. 
XVI; Mull., Prodr. Zool. Dan., p. 46; Fabr., Fn. Groenl., 
p. 167; Retz., Fn. Suec. Lin., p. 336; Hollberg ( Holo - 
centrus ), Beskr. Boh. Fisk., part. Ill, p. 49 cum fig.; Cuv., 
Val. ( Sebastes ), Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. IV, p. 327, tab. 87; 
Nilss., Prodr. Ichth. Scand., p. 79; Iyroy., Damn. Fiske, 
vol. I, pp. 159 et 584; Id., Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvn, ser. 2, 
vol. I, p. 268; Ekstr., Vet., Vitt. Samh. Ilandl., Ny Tidsf., 
I, p. 36; Nilss., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 91; Gthr, Cat. Brit. 
Mus., Fish., vol. II, p. 95; Mgrn, tifvers. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 
1864, p. 508; Coll., Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1874, Til- 
ltegsh., p. 19; Day, Fish. G:t Brit., Irel ., vol. I, p. 42, 
tab. XVIII. 
Sebastes viviparus, Kroy., Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvn, ser. 2, vol. 
I, pp. 275 et 281; Ekstr., Skand. Fisk., ed. 1, p. 197, 
tab. 49 ( Sebastes regulus in tab.); Id., Vet., Vitt. Samh. 
Handl., 1. c.; Nilss., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 97; Kroy., 
Danm. Fiske, vol. I (Tilling), p. 585; Id., Voy. Scand. 
(Gaimard), tab. 6; Gthr, Cat. Brit. Mus., Fish., vol. II, p. 
96; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 333; Ltkn, 
1. c.; Cederstr., Ofvers. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1876; N:r 1, p. 
64; Malm, 1. c., p. 386; Coll., Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1879, p. 
9; Lillj., 1. c., p. 101; Jord., Gilb. 1. c., p. 652; Coll., 
N. Mag. Naturv., 1. c. 
Obs. KroYER regarded the smaller form of Sebastes marinus 
as a distinct species, S. viviparus, founding his opinion chiefly on 
the difference in the reproduction a , the colouring, the breadth of the 
interorbital space, the length of the pectoral and ventral fins, the 
number of rays in the dorsal and anal fins, and the number of the 
vertebras. Hereto Lutken added the difference in the geographical 
range of the two forms — the smaller form does not occur, so far 
as is known, within the Arctic part of the Atlantic — ; and Collett 
pointed out the difference in the direction of the anterior spines of 
the preoperculum, a remark which Lilljeborg also applied to the 
preorbital spines. This specific difference is indeed marked and mani- 
fold enough to be employed in most cases, but on closer examina- 
tion, as Nilsson also found, it sinks into an expression of different 
stages of development and individual peculiarities. This is true of 
the direction of the first spine both on the margin of the preoper- 
culum and on the lower margin of the preorbital bone. The changes 
of development in Seb. viviparus clear]}' tend to prove that the po- 
sition and the direction of these spines approach more and more to 
those they have in the larger form, the so-called Seb. norvegicus. 
In the smallest specimens of Seb. viviparus in the Royal Museum, 
two specimens from Norway 180 mm. in length, these 'spines are all 
directed backward, the five preopercular spines being situated at fairly 
equal distances from each other, only the upper (posterior) ones a 
little closer together — almost as in our figure of Scorpcena dac- 
tyloptera, though the spines in the young specimens of Seb. vivi- 
parus are longer and more pointed — the two preorbital spines being 
of fairly equal size and as acutely pointed as the. others. The lower 
part of the preoperculum is now elongated, and this bone, which was 
at first of a fairly regular, arcuate form, approaches more and more 
the form of a rounded angle. That this is due to the elongation of 
the lower (horizontal) part, and its growth in a forward direction, is 
shown just by the fact that the two lower (anterior) spines grow 
farther and farther distant from the three upper spines and farther 
and farther apart from each other: the first spine moves nearer the 
articulation of the lower jaw. At the same time the first spine gener- 
ally grows more obtuse (assumes a broader, triangular form); and in 
a specimen from Stromstad, a male 207 mm. in length, the first spine 
of the right preoperculum is flat, triangular and directed almost straight 
downward, while that of the left preoperculum has the same form, 
but the tip of the spine points distinctly in a backward direction. 
The transition to Seb. norvegicus in this respect is, therefore, quite 
clear. The specimens of the Royal Museum also show similar altera- 
tions in the preorbital spines, which on the left side of a male Seb. 
norvegicus from Archangel, 228 mm. in length, are of exactly the 
same form and direction as on the same side of a female Seb. vivi- 
parus from Sacke Fjord (Stromstad), 251 mm. in length. In the 
large specimens of Seb. norvegicus we find, however, a character which 
we have never observed in Seb. viviparus, namely that the anterior 
margin of the posterior preorbital spine is sometimes furnished with 
2 or 3 serrate teeth pointing downward. The pointing of the lower 
jaw in Seb. norvegicus by the development of a protuberance on the 
chin is a change of growth which in small specimens of this form, 
sometimes at least, is no more prominent than in large specimens of 
Seb. viviparus. The interorbital breadth in proportion to the size of 
the eyes is subject to far too great individual variations to be of 
use as a specific character. In two female specimens of Seb. vivi- 
parus from Bohuslan, the one 226 mm. in length, the other 251 
mm., the least breadth of the interorbital space is respectively 68 / 
and 77 % of the longitudinal diameter of the orbit; in a male from 
Bohuslan, 207 mm. in length, the corresponding ratio is 63 1 /., %, 
and in a male Seb. norvegicus from Archangel, 228 mm. in length, 
72 %. The number of rays in the dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins is 
generally les g in Seb. viviparus; but a specimen of Seb. norvegicus 
in the Royal Museum has only 13 soft rays in the dorsal fin (another 
has 16), and 3 specimens have only 7 soft rays in the anal fin. 
Most specimens of Seb. norvegicus have 19 rays in the pectoral fins, 
the rest 18; while most specimens of Seb. viviparus have 18, the 
rest 17. The black spots are indeed less distinct when they appear 
in Seb. norvegicus, as is shown in our figure of this form; but a 
greater or less degree of distinctness in markings which are in other 
respects exactly similar, can scarcely constitute a specific difference. 
Of the specific characters given only the number of the vertebra 
remains — according to both Kroyer and Malm the smaller form has 
only 30 vertebrae, the larger 31. But the case is the same in other 
fishes, e. g. in the common Herring ( Clupea harengus ), a species in 
which the smaller forms generally have fewer vertebra, and in which, 
according to Heincke b , the number of vertebra varies between 5 1 
and 58. It, therefore, seems to us most natural to regard the two 
forms of Sebastes as belonging to the same species, the one form, 
Seb. viviparus, which is less pelagic and more probably confined to 
the deep water among the islands and in the fjords, more persistently 
and more constantly retaining the traces of the early stages of the 
development of the genus from the Scorpaenoid type. To the history 
a Koren, quoted by Malmgren (Ofvers. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1867, p. 260), Lilljeborg (1. c.) and Collett (1. c.) have proved, however, 
that the larger form is also viviparous. 
6 Die Varietciten des Herings , 2:te Theil, p. 55. 
