150 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
of this question we must further add that the figure of the smaller 
form in the first edition of “Scandinavian Fishes’’ is printed under 
the name given to the species by Fries, Sebastcs regulus, while the 
Royal Swedish Academy of Science possesses a figure of the larger 
form, signed by W. v. Wright and coloured under Fries’s direction 
in 1835, though not quite finished, which bears the name Sebast.es 
norvegicus. Fries had thus already distinguished between the two 
forms. 
The Norway Haddock, in its Arctic home at least, 
attains a length of 1 metre or slightly over"; but the 
smaller form, which is the more common in the fjords 
and the island-belt of the south of Norway and off 
the coast of Bohuslan, attains, to the best of our know- 
ledge, only a third of this length. The body is com- 
pressed and, in comparison with that of the Perch, 
somewhat high, especially in the smaller form, where 
in the gravid females the greatest height of the body 
is about 33 % of the length, while in the males it is 
about 3 1 %. In the larger form it varies between 30 
% and 28 %. The curves of the dorsal and ventral 
profiles are about equal: but in the female the bell}’ 
is distended at the time of parturition, and the curve 
of the belly is then sharper than that of the back. 
The greatest breadth (thickness) of the body behind the 
head is equal to, or slightly greater or less than half the 
height. The back is convex, the belly almost flat. The 
head is fairly large, its length from the tip of the snout 
varying between 30 % and 33 % of the. length of the 
body. The forehead is flat, in the smaller form some- 
what concave 6 ; near the occiput, where two parallel, 
osseous ridges occur, which slightly diverge posteriorly, 
it is somewhat depressed. The mouth is large and 
directed upwards, and admits of some protrusion of 
the intermaxillaries. The length of the intermaxillary 
bones is almost equal to the distance from the tip of 
the snout to the anterior margin of the pupil. The 
upper corner of the broad extremity of the upper jaw- 
bone extends to a point beneath the middle of the 
pupil, when the mouth is closed. The length of this 
bone varies between 82 % of the length of the lower 
jaw, in small specimens, and 69 %, in large ones. The 
prominent, lower jaw has at the point of the chin a 
protuberance which forms a hook turned downwards 
and, including the height of the teeth, in large speci- 
mens at least, is equal in height to the diameter of the 
pupil, or somewhat greater than it. The length of the 
lower jaw varies between 17 % and 18 % of the length 
of the body. The intermaxillary teeth anteriorly form 
broad bands, which posteriorly taper to a point, but 
are broken and separated at the tip of the snout. The 
bands of teeth in the lower jaw converge anteriorly, 
where the jaw rises into two, rounded protuberances. 
On the head of the vomer the band of teeth forms an 
angle with its point directed forward. The palatine 
teeth are set in two longitudinal bands, which are far 
apart and diverge in a downward and backward di- 
rection. The pharyngeals, six upper, which are closely 
united, and two lower, one on each side, are also fur- 
nished with fine teeth. The tongue is heart-shaped and 
smooth, with a free, narrow tip. Both nostrils on each 
side of the snout are round, the posterior being larger 
than the anterior, the margin of which is raised and 
posteriorly elongated into a. dermal flap. They are 
situated nearer the eyes than the tip of the snout. 
The distance between the two posterior nostrils varies 
between 70 % and 80 % of the least breadth of the 
interorbital space. On the side of the snout, just out- 
side the anterior nostril, is a muciferous pore, which 
is often open, and in other cases closed by a dermal flap. 
At the middle point of the distance between the nostrils, 
on each side of the snout, is a prominent spine. The 
eyes are large, set high, and slightly turned up in an 
oblique direction". The longitudinal diameter of the 
orbit is generally more than 2 / s of the length of the 
maxillaries; not until the specimen attains a length of 
450 mm., do we find this ratio as small as from 30 % 
to 35 %. Above the orbit are two large spines in its 
margin, the one behind the other, and behind the posterior 
one, somewhat higher on the forehead, are two smaller 
spines on each side, nearer each other: all these spines 
point in a backward direction and are comparatively 
larger in young specimens than in old. Still higher 
up the forehead, in a line with the anterior of the two 
spines last mentioned, begin the lateral ridges of the 
top of the head, often preceded by two smaller spines. 
These ridges are smooth, longitudinal bars on the pa- 
rietal hones, slightly diverging posteriorly and ending 
in a spine at the outer hind corner of these bones. 
The preoperculum is rounded, with 5 spines of fairly 
a Day states that it attains a length of 4 ft. 
h “Flatly concave” (Nilsson). 
c As is generally the case with Pbysoclysts when suddenly drawn up from great depths, the eyes most often bulge out of their sockets, 
and the air-bladder, the external pressure being thus diminished, also forces the oesophagus and a portion of the stomach into the pharynx. 
