304 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
hatched fry; and in August he dragged in Belfast Bay 
and found a single full-grown valve of Pectunculus 
pilosus, the hollow of which was close studded over, for 
the space of a square inch, with the eggs of this fish, 
the diameter of the eggs being about Vie of an inch 
(1'6 mm.). Lilljeborg also found the eggs of this 
species in empty mussel-shells on the coast of Norway, 
in the month of July. 
Hughes" observed this fish in an aquarium, and 
has recorded its variations of colour from yellowish 
white to a rich carnation hue, as well as its sluggish- 
ness and general inactivity. With regard to its food, 
he remarked that it ate small portions of mussel, oyster 
or raw fish. Lilljeborg found in its stomach chiefly 
young specimens of shellfish ( Rissoce ) and small crusta- 
ceans ( Copepoda and Ostracoda). 
CYTTOMOBPHL 
Body deep and compressed , but comparatively short , oval, when seen from the side. Bays of the unpaired fins 
principally soft; anterior ( spinous-rayed ) part of the dorsal fin shorter frith fewer rays ) than the posterior {soft- 
rayed). Ventral fins thoracic or jugular , well-developed, independent of each other and longer than the pectoral 
fins. No osseous connexion between the suborbital ring and the preoperculum. Anal papilla wanting. Scales small 
{sometimes wanting), sometimes scattered and imbedded in the skin , sometimes imbricated and furnished with small 
spines; at the edges of the body ire sometimes find strong spinous plates. 
The present series, like the following one, reminds 
us in a certain degree, by the weak development of 
the scales, of the series of the Mackerel type; and 
Cuvier * 6 actually referred the John Dory, the best known 
type of this series, to the Mackerel family. Gunther" 
was also impressed with this kinship between the Cytto- 
morphs and the Mackerels, but referred the former to 
a distinct family, Cyttidce, by the side of the Horse- 
Mackerels. One abnormal form d , which perhaps belongs 
to this series, renders the latter difficult to characterize; 
and though the kinship between these forms and the 
Mackerels is undeniable ■ — though the grounds for this 
opinion are entirely different from those given by Cu- 
vier — as we shall see more clearly in the following 
series, still, as we have followed Gunther in his ar- 
rangement of the Vaagmaer-fishes as a separate series, 
in order to be consistent we must treat the Cyttomorphs 
in the same way, for their kinship with the Mackerels 
is apparently much less natural than the ties between 
them and the following series. The spinous plates of 
the Horse-Mackerels, both in position and in shape, are 
entirely different from those of the Cyttomorphs, whose 
anomalopterous characters also unfit them for a place 
in the Mackerel-series. The spinous plates of these 
fishes are more like those which occur in the Gur- 
nards and Lump Sucker, and when they are want- 
ing at spots where they may occur in other cases — 
e. g. at the base of the spinous-rayed (first) dorsal fin 
in the subgenus Zeus (s. str.) — they are replaced by 
lateral spinous processes at the base of each spinous 
ray, in which form they also appear in the genus Tra- 
chypterus within the following series. The typical Cytto- 
morphs are thus so closely and distinctly approximated 
to the forms of the following series, that their inclusion 
in the latter is a point which should rather be investi- 
gated. There too, we shall find the body compressed, 
the mouth highly protrusile, with the gape turned up- 
wards when the mouth is closed, the maxillary bones 
broad and flat, the branches of the lower jaw broad 
and hanging down below the isthmus behind, the inter- 
operculum large, the ventral fins long and furnished 
with numerous rays, and the pectoral fins short and 
“ The Zoologist for 1864 (vol. XXII), p. 9131. 
6 “Les Zees ont deux dorsales et quelques autres caracteres osteologiques voisins de certains perco'ides; mais la nature de leurs 
tegumeDS, les boucliers dont les cotes sont arnies, les rapprochent incontestablement des scornbero'ides a corps cuirasse Cuv., Val., Hist. 
Nat. Poiss., vol. X, p. 2. 
c Introd. Stud. Fish., p. 450; Handh. Ichtliyol., p. 318. 
d The obscure genus Oreosoma, Cuv., Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. IV, p. 515. tab. 99. 
