378 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
genus those Pacific forms which are distinguished by 
the persistence, even in adult specimens, of small and 
pointed jaw-teeth, set in several rows. With this de- 
finition the genus Pleuronectes contains some twenty 
species, several of which, however, must still be re- 
garded as imperfectly known. 
The five species that belong to the Scandinavian 
fauna may be distinguished as follows: 
A: Vertebrae more than 45; rays of 
the dorsal lin more than 85, of 
the anal fin more than 70: Sub- 
genus Glyptoceplialus. 
a: Least depth of the tail less 
than 8 % of the length of the 
body. Length of the lower 
jaw at least about 2 / 3 of the 
least depth of the tail. Anal 
spine present. Rays of the 
ventral fins 6 Pleuronectes cynoglossus. 
b: Least depth of the tail more 
than 8 / of the length of the 
body. Length of the lower 
jaw at most about 1 / 2 of the 
least depth of the tail. Anal 
spine wanting. Rays of the 
ventral fins 5 __ Pleuronectes microcephalies. 
B: Vertebrae less than 45; rays of 
the dorsal fin at most 85, of the 
anal less than 70: Subgenus 
Pleuronectes. 
a: Lateral line of the abdominal 
region distinctly arcuate. 
Length of the postorbital 
part of the head less than 
14 % a of that of the body.. Pleuronectes limanda. 
b: Lateral line of the abdominal 
region straightor only slightly 
curved. Length of the post- 
orbital part of the head more 
than 14/ k of that of the body. 
au: Vertebrae more than 40. 
Rays of the anal fin more 
than 46. Length of the 
peduncle of the tail at 
the dorsal or the ventral 
edge less than r / 3 of the 
postorbital length of the 
head Pleuronectes platessu. 
bb: Vertebrae less than 40. 
Rays of the anal fin less 
than 46. Length of the 
peduncle of the tail at the 
dorsal or the ventral edge 
more than '/ 3 of the post- 
orbital length of the head Pleuronectes flesus. 
THE POLE (sw. SKARFLUNDRAN OR JYDETUNGAN). 
PLEURON ECTES CYNOGLOSSUS. 
Plate XIX, fig. 3. 
Body comparatively elongated , like that of the Sole, the greatest depth being usually from 30 % to 36 % of the 
length. Dorsal and anal fins with especially numerous rays , the former containing about 100 — 1 12 and the latter 
about 90 — 100 rays. Least depth of the tail less than 8 % ( about 6'5 — 7 %) of the length of the body. Length 
of the head less than 18% ( about 17 — 15 %) of that of the body , and the distance between the anal fin and the 
tip of the snout less than 25% ( about 24 — 19%) of the latter. Postabdominal bone ( first interheemal spine of the 
anal fin) projecting downwards and forwards, in the form of a spine , behind the vent. Bays of the ventral fins , 
as a rule, 6. Blind side of the head and the preopercular margin of the eye side cavernous, on account of the 
large muciferous holloivs beneath the skin. Lateral line almost straight. Vertebra about 56. Jaw-teeth close-set 
incisors, about half as many (9 — 12) on the eye side as on the blind side (22 — 24); pharyngeal teeth straight and 
cylindrical, set in a single row on each of the six upper pharyngeals, and in a double row on each of the two 
lower ones. Coloration of the eye side grayish russet with grayish blue fins: pectoral fin partly black. 
It. br. 7; D. 100 — 1 15 c ; A. 87— HKV; P. 10—12; V. G e ; 
C. *+14 1. 16^+*,- Lin. lat. 128—130; Vert. 5G— 58. 
Syn. Pleuronectes ( Cynoglossus , Scliarretong), Gronov., AIus. Iclith., 
vol. I, p. 14, No. 39; vol. II, p. 11. 
Pleuronectes Cynoglossus , Lin., Syst. Nat., ed. X, tom. I, 
p. 269; Fries, Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1838, p. 166; Nilss., 
Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 623; Gthr, Cat. Brit. Mus., Fish., 
vol. IV, p. 449; Coll., Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1874, 
Tillaegsh., p. 147; ibid. ( Glyptocephalus ) 1878, No. 14, p. 
“ As a rule less than 13 /. 
6 As a rule more than 15 /. 
c Sometimes 95, according to Collett; sometimes 117, according to Gottsche, or 120, according to Goode and Bean. 
d Sometimes 86, according to Collett, sometimes 102, according to Gottsche. 
e Sometimes 5, according to Gottsche. 
Ana specimen from Halifax (N. S.) there are 19 branched rays in the caudal fin, but only 3 supporting rays above and 2 below. 
