386 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
nion as the latter. On rare occasions it is caught in 
the seine and on the hook. The flesh is flabby and 
inferior to that of the Plaice. 
In the basin of the Atlantic the last two species, 
Pleuronectes cynoglossus and PI. microcephalus, form, as 
we have mentioned, a distinct division of the genus, a 
branch of the true Flounder- type, advancing in a di- 
rection which shows the affinity with the subfamily of 
the Soles. Bonaparte proposed" to establish a special 
genus, Cynicoglossus, for the Lemon Dab, with its equally 
prominent jaws, thick lips, and without anal spine. In 
the Pacific, on the west coast of North America, this 
genus and Glyptocephalus are each represented by one 
species, which, according to Lockington’s descriptions 6 , 
has a striking' resemblance to its Atlantic congener. In 
the market of San Francisco both are sold under the 
name of Sole. The Glyptocephalus species (6-7. zachirus ) 
is distinguished, however, from our Lemon Dab by the 
large size of the pectoral fin's, which on the eye side 
may even attain a length equal to 1 / i of that of the 
body; and the Cynicoglossus species ( C. pad ficus ) has 
an extremely shallow body, the greatest depth being 
only about 26 — 30 % of the length. In the Atlantic, as 
we have seen, Glyptocephalus is distinguished by shorter 
pectoral fins and a relatively shallower body than is 
generally the case in Cynicoglossus. In the Pacific the 
relations are reversed. Here we find a substitution of 
the characters for each other which in a way shows the 
near kinship between these forms. The next species, 
however, will show that there is no wide gap between 
these two genera and the true genus Pleuronectes , in its 
most restricted meaning. But, in spite of the fact that 
the series is so nearly unbroken, it has also been proposed 
to establish, for the species which group themselves 
round the following species, a distinct genus, Limancla, 
characterized by the sharp arcuation of the anterior 
part of the lateral line. 
(EkstrOm, Smitt.) 
THE COMMON DAB (sw. sandflundran). 
PLEURONECTES LIMANDA. 
Plate XX, tig. 3. 
Body oval, the greatest depth of the bodg in adult specimens varying between 36 and 42%/ of the length thereof. 
Dorsal fin with at most about 80 (65 — 80) rays, anal with at most about 60 (50 — 61). Least depth of the tail 
generally more than 8 %o (between 8 and 0 %) of the length of the body and about 40 % (36—44 %) of the length of the 
head. Length of the head more than 18% {in full-grown specimens 22 — 19%) of the length of the body, and the 
distance between the anal fin and the tip of the snout more than 25 % (in full-grown specimens from 33 to 27 %) of 
the length of the body. Anal spine behind the vent present. Pays of the ventral fins 6. Head with out mucif crons 
cavities. Lateral line sharply arcuate in the abdominal region (above the pectoral fins). Vertebrae 39 or 40. Jaw- 
teeth close together at the base , slightly compressed , conical (the crowns being, therefore, some distance apart), and 
bluntly pointed, about half as many on the eye side as on the blind side; pharyngeal teeth almost exactly the same 
as in the preceding species; lower pharyngeals also resembling branchial arches. Coloration of the eye side usually 
yellowish brown, with lighter spots; pectoral fin of the same colour as the body. 
R. hr. 7; D. 65—80; A. 51— 01 6 P. 10 1. 1 1 e ; V. 6/; 
C. a + 12 1. 13 + x; L. lat. ca 90; Vert. 39 1. 40. 
Syn. Passer asper sive squamosus (qui a Gallis liman.de vocatur): 
Rondel., De Pise., lib. XI, cap. IX. Pleuronectes oculis a 
dextra, squamis asperis, spina ad anum, dentibus obtusis, 
Art., Gen., p. 17; Syn., p. 33; Spec., p. 58. 
Pleuronectes Limancla , Lin., Syst. Nat., ed. X, tom. I, p. 270; 
Qvens., Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1806, pp. 54 et 220; Swartz, 
Sv. Zool., No. 16; Faber, Isis 1828, p. 880; Tidskr. f. 
Naturv. Kbhvn, V (1828), p. 245; Nilss., Prodr. Ichth. 
Scand., p. 56; Sundev., v. We., Slcand. Fisk., ed. 1, p. 150, 
tab. 34; Kr., Damn. Fisk., vol. II, p. 298; Lillj., Vet.-Akad. 
Hand!. 1850. pp. 309 et 333; Nilss., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 
627 ; Gthr, Cat. Brit. Mas., Fish., vol. IV, p. 440; Lindstr., 
Gotl. Fisk. (Gotl. L. Hush. Sallsk. Arsber. 1866) p. 23; Coll., 
Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1874, Tillsegsh., p. 146; Malm, Gbys, 
Boh. Fa., p. 525; Winth., Naturh. Tidskr. Kbhvn, ser. 3, vol. 
“ Iconogr. Fn. Ital., tom. Ill (. Pesci ), No. 98 (d’ordine per la legatura), Plcitessa passer. 
b Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 2 (1879), p. 86. 
c According to Day sometimes nearly 43, but this in a specimen which he believed to be a hybrid between this species and one of 
the two following species. 
d Sometimes 50, according to Gottsche; sometimes 62, according to Lilljeborg. 
e On the blind side sometimes 9. According to Artedi sometimes 12 on the eye side. 
f Sometimes 5. 
